Narrative Essay - Original Writing - 1148 Words

Narrative â€Å"Here Maya, as long as you wear this I’ll always be with you,† my dad said as he clipped a small bow into my hair. â€Å"I can’t believe tomorrow will be your first birthday, and I have to miss it. I love you more than the world baby girl.† He kissed my forehead as he lowered me into the crib. â€Å"Daddy don’t go, please!† I begged him, â€Å"I’m going to miss you so much.† â€Å"Munchkin I have to go, I’ll only be gone 2 days and it’ll fly by so fast that when I come home you’ll think I never left.†He hugged my older brother and sister, and then he was gone. As long as I can remember my dad had taken business trips once a month. Even after ten years it never got any easier seeing him go. He always told me he’d be before I knew it, but somehow that was never true. Whether he was gone 2 days, or 2 weeks it always felt like 2 centuries instead. When he left I built a wall up around me the second he walked out the door. I would sit in my room and only come out for meals, not talking to anybody. â€Å"Maya, dad died in a plane crash last night,† I hoped I would never hear those words, but when they left Sophia’s mouth I clasped on the floor. I went into shock, I didn’t cry, I didn’t speak, I just sat there on the floor for a minute. Then I ran. I bolted out the front door, running around the block. I ran past the school and through the park with Sophia chasing after me. When I finally got back to the house I ran to my room and slammed the door in her face. â€Å"Maya let me in!† Sophia screamed.Show MoreRelatedNarrative Essay - Original Writing1733 Words   |  7 Pages When I had laid the last of the bricks I took a step back to admire my handy work. Still silent in the catacombs, I knew I should be leaving before Fortunato awakes. I began my journey through the endless tunnels of corpses and adorning tombs. I could smell the lingering fragrance of death in the damp air as I stumbled along the dark, uneven pathway. I soon became overwhelmed with the feeling of exhaustion. I began to yell, â€Å"Help, can anyone hear me?† The deafening silence reminded me of a fateRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing1643 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative I was about ten years old when this happened. It was in the fall of fifth grade, and I had just gotten settled into the new school year. My dad was deployed to Kuwait, and so for the time being it was just my mom, my brother, and I. He had been deployed previously, so I was used to him being away for months at a time. One thing that helped me get through the times he was deployed was my school who offered a special class called TDY on Friday mornings before the bell rang. TDY (TemporaryRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing1505 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative Essay on different levels. The doctor would meticulously watch our actions then jot it down into his documents. After the exam was completed, we were instructed to stand in two even parallel lines and wait Three summers ago, I proudly graduated from Samuel Fels High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Graduating from High School was one of the happiest and memorable moments in my life. I was puffed up with pride as I walked down the aisle to accept my high school diploma. I hadRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing1435 Words   |  6 PagesRei, Rei! My little sister shrieks. Her piercing scream reaches me when I get to my house front door. The family room darkens; the air thickens. Without thinking I sprint to her room, but her door is locked. Since when did she get a lock on her door?! Rei! Shelly cries out. Shelly it s okay, I ll save you! I throw my body against the door, but stop when a laugh that always gives me nightmares, rings in my ear. I look to my right, and as I do the house molds into the Hammerhead s menRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesAdrian Box 9/24/2015 Narrative Essay ENGL 1010-09 - Disbelief, fear, and disappointment filled my mind as I sat in the driver s car seat tilted back, the smell of smoke and dirt was all I could comprehend. The drivers floorboard and dashboard met with my feet wedged in between being crushed. It did not hurt, my body was numb. My mind was running wild. What just happened to me? In the distance, on that straight, two-way, narrowed road, I saw cars and trucks driving by completely oblivious of howRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing2052 Words   |  9 Pageswritten in months, making excuses and procrastinating, she finally sat down to end her guilt for ignoring her only current connection with the outside world. Writing had always been a hobby she could count on to help her find serenity, but serenity was all around her these days, so it had been easy to put her writing duties on hold. Now her writing was helping her to put things into perspective, things she wanted to understand but had no clue how to get a grasp on, especially the changes that were occurringRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing939 Words   |  4 PagesAs the light shines through the window of the wooden cabin, I sit up and stretch my aching back; I the smell of moist wood fills the air, and then I remember that it is time to work on the field. As I walk out of the cabin I see my friends. â€Å"Good morning Amara, good morning Quan,† â€Å"Good morning Yelmima,† they replied. â€Å"Are you ready for your big day today?† Quan winked as he said it. â€Å"Yeah, † â€Å"We’ll miss you,† Amara said. â€Å"I will say my final goodbyes before I leave,† I reassured them. AsRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing1053 Words   |  5 PagesIt waits, concealed behind the fragments of carefree moments that crop up from time to time. It ebbs, the emotional tide before the mind’s storm. It strikes, leaving its victim motionless and defenseless and forever beneath its control. The dread, being stuck in a rut, is difficult to escape from. Perhaps I should settle for what is reality— probably forever impoverished, despondent, or a mindless drone for the man—and continue on the trail. However, when I’m stuck facing the corner, all I noticeRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing889 Words   |  4 PagesBY THE TIME CLIVE finally settled down and stopped his cat screaming, I was thoroughly exhausted and wide awake. I had to get up in one more hour anyway, and I realized I’d already gotten whatever sleep I was going to get. I might as well get up and make some breakfast. â€Å"Stupid meower,† I said, addressing the wall behind my head, and I padded out into the living room. After switching on the TV, I turned on the coffee maker and studied the pre-dawn light just starting to peek in my windows. CliveRead MoreNarrative Essay - Original Writing884 Words   |  4 PagesI stood paralyzed, taking small shallow breaths. The niter was causing me to cough more and more. Slowly I regained control over my body and started trying to fight my way out of the shackles. The wine was now starting to wear off. I had trusted Montresor and he has wronged me. Now it was I who wanted revenge. With one last blow to the shackles against the side of the stone wall, the area where the shackles were attached to the wall began to crumble away. After finally freeing from the shackles,

Persuasive Essay On The Atomic Bomb - 1656 Words

Introductionï’ £ In 1945, two atomic bombs were dropped over Japan on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which resulted in thousands of civilian deaths and a detrimental impact on the environment. Some people would say that the bombing was necessary to end the war, but in the same breath would say that it was inhumane. Other standpoints say that Japan was already on their way to surrender. What would the world be like if the bombs weren’t dropped; or even created? Other Optionsï’ £ When thinking of other options, two options that come to mind first would be â€Å"bomb† and â€Å"invade†. From a U.S. standpoint, you could see that bombing would limit the amount of American lives lost compared to what they would lose if they were to invade. However, take a look into†¦show more content†¦It was dropped on August 9, 1945. It leveled 6.7km2 of land and killed 74,000 people by the end of 1945. The temperature on the ground reached 4000â„Æ' and induced radioactive rain to pour down. In both bombings radioactive particles rained over the cities. Debris of the weapons The picture above is of a street car after the bombing in Nagasaki. After the Bombingï’ £ Immediately after the bombing the people who swarmed into the city to offer help often died of radiation. If you were unlucky enough to not die from the radiation, you would develop radiation sickness. Symptoms of radiation sickness include; vomiting, headaches, nausea, hair loss, hemorrhaging and diarrhoea. Most cases of radiation sickness lead to several weeks to months of severe symptoms before leading to death. The following five to six years there was a noticeable increase in Leukemia patients. Women that were pregnant at the time of the bombing experienced higher rates of miscarriages and infant death. Fetuses exposed to the high levels of radiation through the following years were more at risk for intellectual disabilities, impaired growth and increased risk of cancer. Due to most of the hospitals ridden with radiation or no longer structurally sound, most survivors endured pain and suffering without any care or ease of suffering. The intensity of light from the bombings left many people with temporary orShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On The Atomic Bomb1037 Words   |  5 Pagesbomber, loaded with a new and destructive weapon, soared across the sky over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Seconds later, that new weapon- an atomic bomb that released its destructive energy by the splitting of uranium atoms- lit up the sky, killing nearly 80,000 Japanese civilians instantly. Three days later, the United States dropped a second bomb on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, which resulted in about 40,000 more instant deaths. Thousands of more Japanese civilians died over time due toRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Atomic Bomb1602 Words   |  7 Pagesfunding for the American-led effort to develop an atomic weapon. This project was codenamed â€Å"The Manha ttan Project.† The original motivation to create an atomic bomb was out of fear that Nazi Germany was pursuing their own atomic project. When the United States successfully tested their nuclear weapon in July 1945, Germany had already surrendered, and the focus of the Allied powers was on the defeat of Imperial Japan. Ultimately, two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities in early August 1945Read MoreWhy the United States Dropped the Atomic Bomb: Persuasive Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe atomic bomb is the subject of much controversy. Since its first detonation in 1945, the entire world has heard the aftershocks of that blast. Issues concerning Nuclear Weapons sparked the Cold War. We also have the atomic bomb to thank for our relative peace in this time due to the fear of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). The effects of the atomic bomb might not have been the exact effects that the United States was looking for when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshim a and NagasakiRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki982 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima, it only makes me wonder what was going through the mind of President Harry Truman when he gave the â€Å"green light† to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It has been more than 70 years since that happened and the conclusion of World War II, and yet the legacy remains in our modern day history books and class lectures. But was deploying the atomic bombs on Japan really necessary? What was Truman thinking? And did the end really justify the means? Truly, upon reading Takaki’s HiroshimaRead MoreIf Black English Isn t A Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?1434 Words   |  6 Pagesview language as a persuasive political instrument and others view it as a means of expression and empowerment. In the essay â€Å"If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?† by James Baldwin, he was able to illustrate the history of the discrimination of language and how Black English is not accepted as its own language. Baldwin also shows that due to the lack of acknowledgement of Black English, it lacks the power it needs to empower the people who speak it. In the essay â€Å"Politics and theRead MoreLanguage : A Political Instrument1449 Words   |  6 Pagesview language as a persuasive political instrument and others view it as a means of expression and empowerment. In the essay â€Å"If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?† by James Baldwin, he was able to illustrate the history of the discrimination of language and how black English is not accepted as its own language. Baldwin also shows that due to the lack of acknowledgement of black English, it lacks the power it needs to empower the people who speak it. In the essay â€Å"Politics and theRead MoreLanguage : A Political Instrument1460 Words   |  6 Pagesview language as a persuasive political instrument and others view it as a means of expression and empowerment. In the essay â€Å"If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?† by James Baldwin, he was able to illustrate the history of the discrimination of language and how black English is not accepted as its own language. Baldwin, also, shows that due to the lack of acknowledgement of black English, it lacks the power it needs to empower the people who speak it. In the essay â€Å"Politics and theRead MoreIlluminati Paper Persuasive1717 Words   |  7 PagesManar khateeb Mr. Carli Persuasive (Final Draft) Com 102 6:30 March 20, 2011 The Illuminati The illuminati are a secret society that infiltrated government to rule the world. It all started in Bavaria on May 1st 1776 by group of European higher ups lead by Adam Weishaupt. Adams philosophy was that the Illuminati should one day rule the world with a one world government, or a new world order. Adam Weishaupt said, â€Å"The great strength of our order lies in its concealment, let it never appear inRead MoreZadeh Rhetorical Analysis1952 Words   |  8 Pagesmakes sure to back up his claims with facts given by very credible sources and personal involvement. Since he is a co founder/CEO of Zoosk, his credibility can be seen by his obvious successes, as Zoosk is a multimillion dollar company. Zadeh’s essay is persuasive because he depicts his and other immigrant’s experiences in a well-supported, convincing, and very heartfelt way and ultimately shows us that America would benefit significantly if we permitted and supported hardworking and dedicated immigrantsRea d MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

Strategic Budgeting Process Healthcare budget

Question: Describe about the Strategic Budgeting Process for Healthcare budget? Answer: Introduction: Often the nuisance of presence for the healthcare financial directors, budgeting process might be the unfulfilling and time consuming process concerning negotiation, politics and confrontation. For some administrations, budgeting fully ingests partial of the financial year. As an effect the organizations economical management tools and team are fundamentally unobtainable to support the major strategic requirements (Grigoroudis, Orfanoudaki, Zopounidis, 2012). Additionally, the concluding budget is frequently not in the streamline with the associations long-term and short-term strategic economic interests. So for executing an industry frequently requires proprietors to sensibly plan and evaluate their capitals. Maximum companies use several form of bookkeeping for classifying, calculating, analysing and recording their commercial information. Secretarial tools might comprise financial statements, budgeting, forecasts and additional tools for handling financial material. So, Business budgets is one of the unique and major significant accounting tools for a company. The Budget as an Effective Management Tool: It is the general involvement that absence of engrossment in construction of targets/objectives continually leads to limited effort and output. Participative accounting is an operational tool of preparation of permitting directors who will be accountable for enactment under an appropriate financial plan to contribute for commercial budgeting conclusions. It guarantees all concerned executive workers are involved in the process of budgeting to facilitate the result of the budgets as the maximum co-ordination and team work. The budgeting is a precise significant tool to demolish the human difficulties related with the implementation and formulation of that budget. This leads to recover the performance by endorsing the sense of possessions to the association among working managers employees. Far as well frequently public health finance is regarded as a channel from the state's budget but not as a financial sponsor towards the state's economy (Ruston, Kent, 2010). However it is expected that employees will be more interested to attain budget stages of activity and efficiency. Certainly all workers can achieve from strong targets and administrations can deliver incentive expenditures based on those budget achievement. After the above discussion there are few qualities that can be concluded: It stimulates practically approval of the budget targets. It offers participation in budgeting henceforth delivers to all work enrichment/ satisfaction. It offers more positive defiance and possessions towards the organization. Under the current corporate situation attention must be to grow participative budget as per it will offer the teamwork and devotion to setting. Budget managing, then, contains three parts: Budget determination - assigning revenue conferring to significances and by line matters; Budget accountability - how healthy the expected budget matches authenticity; and By using a +, 0 - symbolization in responding the queries and by engaging the symbolizations in boxes. In this method, one can develop an image of the major types of managing modes presently being used. Though this might be beneficial in relating what is, however it might be even further beneficial in relating what would be. It is moreover convenient in delivering some hints as to likely zones of the role encounters - the scholarly exploration model could likely strike with the skilled practitioner model (Ruston, Kent, 2010). The consequences were demonstrated expending the IMPLAN provincial output-input imitation software to evaluate the multiplier special effects of straight LBH spending. Conclusions propose that LBH yield a positive financial multiplier alike to further service trades in the West Virginia. Interpretations from this study emphasis on the West Virginia though it is conceivable to mark a sensible discussions that the essential issues are comparable for the states with analogous economies (Ruston, Kent, 2010).A more biological managing method is created on the paradi gms. The paradigm denotes to a technique of impending a situation or problem and the types of values, attitudes and assumptions related with the thinking about those situation (Chow, Ganulin, Williamson, 1998). It predicts a structure or design that is responsive, changeable and dynamic towards the environment. The Three Commonly Used Budgeting Tool Their Roles to Ensure the Integrity of Budgeting Process: This software tools missions are management, recognition, then recruits the viable process of determining that how the assignment would be pursued or not. The three best budgeting software tools for health care are: Budget Maestro: Generate detailed workforces plans Compute employee-specific peripheral taxes, benefits and additional charges for precise resource planning Achieve additional employee-related prices such as continuing certification and training. Determine the headcount necessities based on the census. Create precise income plans It generate strategies with cessations of key healthcare presentation indicators (KPIs) like length of the patient stay , patient policy of insurance, services offered, contractual allowances, no. of the patient beds etc. Control and Track costs Compile full costing examines by healthcare provider, procedure, physician, operating unit or doctor. Understand the cost of facilities by managing and measuring the provider insurance prices or by stalking meal plans and no. of patients Conduct operating boundary analysis Evaluate the precise cost and revenue drivers that disturbs margins in the healthcare departments like outpatient care, emergency and neurology. Generate healthcare-precise reports Create income declarations by payer, combined physician declarations of expenses and revenue. Use numerous hierarchies and views for numerous reporting necessities Systematize planning processes Assimilate departmental finances for a combined financial sight of that organization Generate headcount, operations forecasts and revenue and modification for the market fluctuations Healthcare Insights, LLC: It delivers intelligent decision provision and management answerability software tool for the healthcare business, in addition to business application and educational training referring facilities. INSIGHTS, allows the healthcare administrations to effortlessly establish, monitor and define the non-financial and financial goals. This software Automate and increase the budget workflow crosswise departments Look at mutually flexed and fixed budget quantities against actual Organise "what if" situations for estimating, predictive exploration Automatically regulate for exceptions; recompute in seconds Generate custom records to meet precise needs Strata Jazz: This tools support the maximum stimulating strategic problems, comprising: Accountable care, management of service line and physician integration. Calculated financial management and capital planning for assimilated healthcare systems Strategic financial exploration of healthcare divestitures, acquisitions and mergers. Analysis of structural rearrangement and cost-cutting strategies Business assessment for the healthcare organization (Appleby, 2010). Resource allocation and Capital budgeting for the complete healthcare systems Project analysis and planning including: information technology preparation, joint ventures and major facility building Strata Jazz is the 100% internet-based (SaaS) explanation, greatly plummeting the cost and time mandatory for administration, training and both report delivery and report configuration. By combining all preparation and conclusion support procedures in a solitary databank, Strata Jazz permits the association to make the most of staff efficiency and teamwork, while growing control over the financial future. The Budget Tools as a Process to Uphold the Mission of Health Care Organisation: In the world of health care, benefits account and staff wages are one of the huge share of the budget, and so the medical services need an operational tool to possess the track of all their labour expenditures (Wetta-Hall, Ablah, Berry et al.,2004 ). By assimilating budgeting software tool into the economic planning process, the chief commercial officers in the healthcare organizations will consume the data that they required to generate accurate financial forecasting replicas that can be the lead for more knowledgeable staffing decisions. Main care treatment for uninsured is initially the essential step to reconstruct and it can be further tolerable and cost effective than the main system transformation. By providing introductory care to uninsured, additional care possessions are beleaguered to those which mostly need the facilities, while providing welfares such as and abridged inappropriate emergency section utilization and increased productivity (Stephens, Ledlow, 2010). Labour costs frame majority of the expenses Principal financial majors have several tasks to discourse each month, week, quarter and day. Many may need to budget down the striking order as the quantity of period it may take to yield a detailed and thorough plan. Though, actual and all-inclusive budgeting tool might help to rationalise the process, creating it simpler for the CFOs to rapidly recognise revenue trends and spending in addition to disorganisations in labour investments; it is important, bearing in mind the labour charges at medicinal facilities account for the huge percentage of budget (Fichman, Kemerer, 2012). Labour charges are 60 to 50 percent of the expenditure budgets, so that theyre considering a tool which can help them both to establish an annual board around the over-all application of that huge expenditure and a classy tool which will assist them to convert the method they make financial plan for labour, particularly for the clinical areas where the yearly budget is correct down to the shift-by-shift str ategy. Budgeting software helps hiring and staffing Disorganisations are a CFOs nastiest enemy, and somewhat all leaders fight with as per they look for methods to rationalise operations (Marsan, Par, 2013). One of the greatest common inadequacies in this world of healthcare is suitably recruitment work hours; because understaffing can cause to the drop in superiority care, whereas overstaffing might again cause to higher, unnecessary higher costs. Through using the budgeting software, directors will be capable to distinguish how much workers they really need for assured times of that year depended on prognostic analytics. Having a healthier understanding for the workforce will permit directors to set suitable timetables so they can have the greatest operative number of workers on staff. Businesses deprived of several kind of budgeting tools rely on yearly or monthly budgets, plus those companies are staffing and hiring over that budget level irrespective of definite volumes consequently they overstaff aimed at shifts and send direct ly the staff members home that causes staff displeasure. More patients may mean more labour costs Healthcare administrations can also utilize budgeting tools to generate data visualizations like graphs and charts to estimate how many persons who are under treatment, they will check in the forthcoming months. The economic planning software will permit them to ensure that they have capitals to expend on the staff so that there aren't too few or so many workers at any particular time. Conclusion: The usage of tools is general practice in the administration thinking. Models are beneficial because of numerous aspects of the constructions that can be watched from dissimilar positions and which can then cause to new outlooks. The objective of modelling is to attain a precise yet comparatively simple demonstration of any system, multifarious entity, or the reality, usually on some lesser scale. It suggests both change and structure. A significant aspect of budgeting tool is preparing and collecting data. Information expanded from that data is the groundwork of the budgeting tools. Reference List: Appleby, J. (2010). The Budget: going for broke. Br J Healthcare Management, 16(7), 319-319. doi:10.12968/bjhc.2010.16.7.48978 Australias 1995-96 healthcare budget. (1995). Pharmacoresources, 29(1), 16-16. doi:10.1007/bf03309653 Chow, C. W., Ganulin, D., Haddad, K., Williamson, J. (1998). The balanced scorecard: a potent tool for energizing and focusing healthcare organization management. Journal of Healthcare Management, 43(3), 263-280. Felteau, A. (1993). Tools and techniques to effect budget neutrality. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 17(4), 59-64. doi:10.1097/00006216-199301740-00008 Fichman, R. G., Kemerer, C. F. (2012). Adoption of software engineering process innovations: The case of object-orientation. Sloan management review, 34(2). Grigoroudis, E., Orfanoudaki, E., Zopounidis, C. (2012). Strategic performance measurement in a healthcare organisation: A multiple criteria approach based on balanced scorecard. Omega, 40(1), 104-119. Jones, R. (2010). Trends in programme budget expenditure. Br J Healthcare Management, 16(11), 518-526. doi:10.12968/bjhc.2010.16.11.79645 Marsan, J., Par, G. (2013). Antecedents of open source software adoption in health care organizations: A qualitative survey of experts in Canada. International journal of medical informatics, 82(8), 731-741. Robinson, M. (1994). Professional Practice Goals on a Budget. Strategies, 8(1), 15-17. doi:10.1080/08924562.1994.11000284 Ruston, P., Kent,C (2010.July-September). An Assessment of the economic impact of local boards of health on West Virginias Economy, 41(1) Spellman, R. (2009). Budget basics and the economic outlook. Br J Healthcare Stephens, J., Ledlow, G. (2010,October-December). Real healthcare reform: Focus on primary care access, 35(1) Wetta-Hall, R., Ablah, E., Oler-Manske, J., Berry, M., Molgaard, C. (2004). Strategies for Community-Based Organization Capacity Building. The Health Care Manager, 23(4), 302-309. doi:10.1097/00126450-200410000-00003 White, J. (2013). Budget-makers and health care systems. Health Policy, 112(3), 163-171. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.07.024

Your Land & My Land Essays - Wildlife, Zoo, Tranquillity, Nature

Your Land & My Land Your Land and My Land There are many differences in a city when compared to a rural setting. One of the largest differences deals with that of the visual surroundings. Cities are filled with buildings, streets traffic and people, while the country is filled with trees, mountains, streams and animals. With such commotion in this city-type setting, the natural environment is altered a great deal. Natural wildlife, which runs rampant in the spacious great outdoors, is seemingly non-existent in urban areas. This, however, is not the case by any means. It is necessary to look a little closer to find wildlife on the land of a city. The wildlife that still exists inside the city has learned to adapt to their environment as means of survival. Pigeons can be found eating breadcrumbs from an old man's hands in the park. Rats scour the sewers and alleys for scraps. Squirrels relax in the trees and make their moves for food accordingly, while avoiding some hazards such as cars and people that surround them. These are all examples of how animals can adapt to the setting and survive. In the country or any rural area, nature functions in a different manner. People must learn to adapt to their surroundings, while animals and nature continue to live on peacefully. While driving down a country highway at night, one must watch carefully for deer, moose or any other type of animal that could have wandered into the middle of the road. Roads themselves leave people in the country dealing more with nature's wrath. Snow on a windy dirt road up a mountain becomes much more of a hindrance as Page 1 compared to snow that would be plowed away and kept melted with salt on a flat city street. A large tree that could have fallen in the road out in the country could take days to be cleared; yet in the city such a tree would be removed in an immediate fashion. Visiting nature or animals while in the city, can be accomplished by a trip to the park or zoo. Both parks and zoos inside the city are very high maintenance, at the same time costly. In rural area, parks have existed forever and upkeep is not the hardest of tasks to accomplish. In the country, even if a park is unavailable, one is still surrounded by a sense of calm while animals co-exist with humans. When visiting a zoo in the city, it is obvious to see that animals are not around by their own free will. Being held captive and surrounded by bars limits the ability for animals to roam freely ad live their life the way it was meant to be. Psychologically, this may have something to do with the stereotype of city people not being as hospitable as country dwellers, in general. In the hustle and bustle of the city, many people have a tendency to get so wrapped up and trapped in their typically fast-paced life, leaving little opportunity to unwind, relax and basically rest the brain. Appreciation of nature would also have to be one of the biggest differences. One who lives in the country or rural area that is surrounded by nature day in and day out, might not appreciate what they have around them. Yet one who lives in the city and escapes to a park, zoo, or even vacations to a secluded area; enjoys every minute of the peace and tranquility. Respect is kept by a city-dweller for the land that remains unscathed by mankind and its every growing population and industrialization. For without such rural areas, one wouldn't have a place to go ease the mind. This goes to Page 2 show how people can so easily take things for granted. Another major difference that is easily noticed is the many sounds heard. In a country field one can put his or her ear to the wind and listen to grass blowing, birds chirping, water flowing in a nearby stream and maybe the faint rumble of your neighbor's tractor. Those little vibrations from that tractor are a fraction of the noise people are subject to everyday in every city. Motors running, horns honking, hundreds upon

Young Goodman Brown Goodman Brown Essay Example For Students

Young Goodman Brown Goodman Brown Essay Young Goodman Brown is a moral story that is told through the perversion of a religious leader. In Young Goodman Brown, Goodman Brown is a Puritan minister who lets his excessive pride in himself interfere with his relations with the community after he meets with the devil, and causes him to live the life of an exile in his own community. Young Goodman Brown begins when Faith, Browns wife, asks him not to go on an errand. Goodman Brown says to his love and (my) Faith that this one night I must tarry away from thee. When he says his love and his Faith, he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to his faith to God. He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith in God with his wife. He resolves that he will cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven. This is an example of the excessive pride because he feels that he can sin and meet with the Devil because of this promise that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise because when Goodman Brown comes back at dawn; he can no longer look at his wife with the same faith he had before. We will write a custom essay on Young Goodman Brown Goodman Brown specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that the reason he was late was because Faith kept me back awhile. This statement has a double meaning because his wife physically prevented him from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God psychologically delayed his meeting with the devil. The Devil had with him a staff that bore the likeness of a great black snake. The staff which looked like a snake is a reference to the snake in the story of Adam and Eve. The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge. The Adam and Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge. Once Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise. The Devils staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devils ceremony which destroys Goodman Browns faith in his fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia. Goodman Brown almost immediately declares that he kept his meeting with the Devil and no longer wishes to continue on his errand with the Devil. He says that he comes from a race of honest men and good Christians and that his father had never gone on this errand and nor will he. The Devil is quick to point out however that he was with his father and grandfather when they were flogging a woman or burning an Indian village, respectively. These acts are ironic in that they were bad deeds done in the name of good, and it shows that he does not come from good Christians. When Goodman Browns first excuse not to carry on with the errand proves to be unconvincing, he says he cant go because of his wife, Faith. And because of her, he can not carry out the errand any further. At this point the Devil agrees with him and tells him to turn back to prevent that Faith should come to any harm like the old woman in front of them on the path. Ironically, Goodman Browns faith is harmed because the woma n on the path is the woman who taught him his catechism in youth, and was still his moral and spiritual adviser. The Devil and the woman talk and afterward, Brown continues to walk on with the Devil in the disbelief of what he had just witnessed. Ironically, he blames the woman for consorting with the Devil but his own pride stops him from realizing that his faults are the same as the womans. .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 , .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 .postImageUrl , .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 , .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2:hover , .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2:visited , .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2:active { border:0!important; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2:active , .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2 .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue66f4d93154133b05d3954e564f128a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo And Juliet: Fate Or Free Will EssayBrown again decides that he will no longer to continue on his errand and rationalizes that just because his teacher was not going to heaven, why should he quit my dear Faith, and go after her. At this, the Devil tosses Goodman Brown his staff (which will lead

Descartes Essays - Ren Descartes, Epistemology, Rationalists

Descartes Essays - Ren Descartes, Epistemology, Rationalists Descartes Descartes was a "jack of all trades", making major contributions to the areas of anatomy, cognitive science, optics, mathematics and philosophy. Underlying his methodology is the belief that all science is based on mathematics. This is manifested in his unification of ancient geometry and his new alegbra based on the Cartesian coodinate system. For Descartes, certainty in philosphy and in mathematics is gained through understanding. We may know that two apples and two apples makes four apples, but Descartes believes that matematics transcends the senses, contributing to an overall mathematical order to the universe that is independent of senses. Senses were at the center of his Meditations on First Philosphy, a work in which Descartes explores the concepts of self, God and mind. He begins by shaking our belief in the sneses; if they are all an illusion created by a malicious deceiver, what can we trust? His answer is that we can doubt, and that the deceiver cannot cause us to doubt our own existence. Thus, the famous "cogito ergo sum" (I think therefore I am). However, the I is not a physical "i", is is an immaterial mind that is identified by "I". Thus begins Cartesian Dualism, the theory that there are two fundamental types of entities : mind and matter. The physical bodies exists extended in space, with depth, width and breadth. However, minds are entirely immaterial and nonspatial; they are the "I" he refers to. Since the mind is the only entity that can think (rocks cannot), Descartes uses the cogito arguemnt to prove the existence of a mind.

Concept for Nursing Theories course (End-of-life care) Term Paper

Concept for Nursing Theories course (End-of-life care) - Term Paper Example A sixty-year old man has decided to stop treatment for lung cancer and just wait for his death. The patient already received chemotherapy, but his conditions continued to worsen. His kidneys are failing too. The patient, relatives, and health care staff have acknowledged the imminence of death. Specifically, the patient and his/her relatives understand that they will no longer prolong life and they will only wait for their patient’s natural course of death. Second, the doctors and nurses have consulted the patient and kin for the advance end-of-life care plan, where the symptoms’ relief is outlined. The plan also integrates psychological, social, practical, and spiritual aspects of patient care in planning for end-of-life care. Since the patient is Catholic, he already listens to Bible readings every day and receives visits from a priest. Third, the plan includes providing a support system to help the family cope during the patient’s illness and their own bereave ment. This includes counseling for the family and preparing them for the patient’s death. Finally, there should be a clear system of transparency and accountability in the decision-making process. If the patient signs a do-not-resuscitate order, the relatives should respect this decision, no matter how hard it is for them to let go.

The Effects of Mass Media on Society Research Paper

The Effects of Mass Media on Society - Research Paper Example One of these is video games which are products of man’s quest for excitement and entertainment. In this regard, this essay is written with the objective of determining the effects of video games on society. It would initially start on the origins of video games and rationale for playing video games. The discourse would also present the advantages and disadvantages of video games to find out their implications to the users and to society, as a whole. The exact date for the creation of video games could not be pinpointed due to its reference and interrelationships with people, games, companies and culture which actively influenced it. According to Herman, Horwitz, Kent & Miller (2009), video games started with Ralph Baer’s assignment of creating a television set incorporated with a game. They averred â€Å"it would take another 18 years for his idea to become a reality, and by that time there would be other people to share in the glory, like Willy Higinbotham, who designed an interactive tennis game played on an oscilloscope, and Steve Russell, who programmed a rudimentary space game on a DEC PDP-1 mainframe computer. And then there was also Nolan Bushnell, who played that space game and dreamed of a time when fairground midways would be filled with games powered by computers.† (Herman, Horwitz, Kent & Miller, 2009, par. 1) The golden age in video games was identified as spanning the years 1978 to 1981with the emergence of famous brands synonymous to video games such as Atari, Nintendo, Magnavox, Microvision and Intellivision, among others. (Herman, Horwitz, Kent & Miller, 2009, 3) The evolution continues until brands such as Sega, Game Boy Playstation and Xbox remain imprinted in the minds of millions of patronizers. But what exactly are video games? Allwords (2009) define video game as â€Å"a style of game existing as and controlled by software, usually run by a

The study of organizational behavior Essay Example for Free

The study of organizational behavior Essay The study of organizational behavior is concerned with: A) psychosocial, interpersonal, and organizational structure B) interpersonal, group dynamics in organizations, and work design C) psychosocial, interpersonal, and work design D) psychosocial, interpersonal, and group dynamics in organizations Points Earned: Correct Answer(s): D 2. The beliefs and assumptions about people, work, and the organization best reflects the: A) social surface B) formal organization C) informal organization D) overt part of an organization Points Earned: Correct Answer(s): C 3. The task of an organization is reflected in its: A) mission, purpose or goal B) human resources C) input materials D) structure Points Earned: 1. 0/1. 0 Correct Answer(s): A 4. The science of human behavior and individual differences is: A) psychology B) sociology C) engineering D) anthropology 5. EXTRA CREDIT: What was your preferred learning style as indicated by the VARK Questionnaire? Also list one way you want to take in intormation according to your style. For the extra point you had to name your VARK learning style AND one way to take in information (according to VARK) Points Earned: 0. /0. 0 6. The internal or external perspectives offer: A) conflicting explanations for human behavior B) complementary explanations for human behavior C) alternative explanations for human behavior D) similar explanations for human behavior 7. The specific setting within which organizational behavior is enacted would be called the: A) external environment B) situation C) organizational context D) group Points Earned: 0. 0/1. 0 8. Culture and the study of learned behavior comprise the domain of: A) management B) psychology C) sociology 9 . All of the following are internal behavioral processes except: A) Judging B) perceiving C) leading D) cognition The four main driving forces creating and shaping changes at work include: A) globalization, demography, diversity, ethics B) globalization, technology, diversity, employee attitudes C) globalization, diversity, ethics, and technology D) globalization, technology, religiosity, ethics 11. The description of an organization as clockworks, in which human behavior is logical and rational, would come from which level within the organization? A) organizational level B) internal level C) group or department level D) individual level The work of Hofstede is important because his studies revealed that more differences n work-related attitudes can be explained by: A) culture B) age C) gender D) profession The major difference between prejudice and discrimination is: A) prejudice refers to behavior and discrimination refers to an attitude B) discrimination has been shown to have more of an impact on productivity than prejudice C) prejudice has been shown to have more of an impact on productivity than discrimination D) prejudice refers to an attitude and discrimination refers to behavior Points Earned: 0. 0/1. According to your text, African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans are likely to be at disadvantage within organizations because: A) available Jobs in the tuture will require less skill than in the past B) they are under-represented in declining occupations C) the proportion of African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans who are qualified for higher level Jobs are often higher than the proportion of qualified whites and Asian- Americans D) they tend to live in a small number of large cities that are facing severe economic difficulties Points Earned: 0. 0/1. 0 Globalization implies all of the following except: A) a borderless world B) competition between workers from other countries C) an organizations nationality is held strongly in consciousness D) the world is free from national boundaries Which of the following was NOT recommended as a technique for increasing the sensitivity of differences between people from various cultures? A) describing one anothers culture B) cultural sensitivity training C) cross-cultural task forces or teams D) role analysis technique (RAT) Which statement best captures the spirit of managing diversity? A) It is a painful examination of hidden assumptions that employees hold. B) It is assimilating women and minorities into a dominant male culture. C) It is complying with affirmative action. D) It is being a good corporate citizen. Which of the following statements/statistics about women in the workforce is incorrect? A) There has been little increase in the number of women CEOs.

Synthesised by living organisms

Synthesised by living organisms Definition of biopolymer: Biopolymers are naturally occurring polymers which are synthesised by living organisms. This synthesis can occur either internally within an organisms structure, or externally in appropriate conditions. The term biopolymer also encompasses those polymers which are produced by the physical or chemical manipulation of production environments. However, depending on the terms origination, it does not strictly include those polymers produced by biological manipulating. For this reason, it is best to classify such polymers as ‘partially synthetic biopolymers. Through the chemical and physical manipulation of production environments, a large variety of biopolymers have been synthesised. Each of these newly developed biopolymers are available with unique and beneficial properties, along with the ability to biodegrade and provide a renewable source of plastic like material. Reasons why biopolymers may become increasingly important in society: Petroleum derived plastics have formed an integral relationship with modern society, providing a cheap, convenient and durable method for developing numerous consumer goods and other products. The negative impacts associated with plastic favour the use of biopolymers. Such impacts, along with other factors, involve: An overuse of non-biodegradable plastics. These plastics are produced at a rate of over 100million tonnes per year- consumption patterns which have lead to serious problems concerning environmental pollution, waste management and danger to animals. An uncertainty about the future resources of the petrochemical industry. This industry may become obsolete or produce goods too expensive for mainstream consumption. The initiatives of recycling have failed to make any great progress over the previous decades. The recent success of biocompatible plastics which have revolutionised the medical industry. The ability to use industrial waste (such as food waste) as a substrate for biopolymer production. This has the added benefit of improving waste usage and reducing other forms of pollution and treatment. Burning of electronic waste (e-waste) to recover the precious metals contained in chips and circuits. With the continued exponential growth of the electronics industry, the illegal practice of secretly burning e-waste releases many toxic gases, especially if coated in PVC. For these reasons, much interest has arisen in the design and development of biodegradable, renewable, practical and economically viable biopolymers to replace the synthetic plastics consumed today. The new age of renewable energy and waste management have resulted in great emphasis on the future of biopolymers and the relative efficiency of their production. Selected Biopolymer: PHB is a biopolymer belonging to a group of biopolymers called polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). It is also classified as a polyester due to containing an ester functional group. PHB is synthesised by the polymerisation of (R)-3-hydroxybutynl-CoA. PHB is produced by bacteria as the result of physiological stress. During this process PHB acts as an energy storage molecule to be used later when other energy sources are depleted. The most common form of PHB is poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,(as shown in the above diagram), however discussed below are the generalised notes for all PHB isomers. PHB was first discovered in 1925 by Maurice Lemoigne who concluded that bacteria could produce polyesters. However Maurices discovery was not officially recognised as PHB until its rediscovery in 1957. This stimulated much interest in the future of biopolymers, an interest which has reignited in recent years due to the environmental debate and uncertain future of the petrochemical industry. Using traditional production methods, up to 80% of the dry weight of the bacteria can be composed of PHB. Properties of the biopolymer 100% biodegradable in both aerobic and anaerobic environments Biocompatible the polymer can be naturally incorporated into and decomposed by the human body Thermoplastic Piezoelectric produces an electric potential when compressed 8 Low thermal stability 9 Ultra violet resistance 10 High melting point 175C8 Low resistance towards acids and bases 10 Transparent and lustrous High crystallinity structural arrangement 8 Stiff 8 More dense then water 10 Brittle depends on the level of crystallinity 8 Does not have chain branching it is isotactic (uniform structure) and therefore flows well during processing8 Is not soluble in water hydrophobic 8 Has a low permeable level (penetration) for oxygen, water and carbon dioxide8 Uses or potential uses of the biopolymer Relationship between uses and properties PHB could become the new material for use in bottles, bags, wrapping, nappies and other disposables where biodegradability is a concern Due to the biodegradability of PHB in both aerobic and anaerobic environments (both in the presence or lack of oxygen) there is a great incentive for the potential replacement of the polymers derived from petrochemicals. PHB is also hydrophobic, has low permeability by oxygen, water and CO2, has UV resistance, high melting point, and is isotactic properties which make PHB a suitable replacement for many plastic products. PHB can be used as a medical tool. These include surgical implants, treads and coatings. In medical applications, PHB is biocompatible with the blood and tissues of humans and other mammals. The normal metabolism of humans produces the monomer of PHB, (R)-3-hydroxybutynl-CoA,and thus does not reject the polymers use as a medical tool. Surgical implants and threads all reabsorb into the body. In the pharmaceutical industry, PHB can coat capsules and provide slow or controlled drug release. The property of biocompatibility allows this process to occur. Also, a low permeability for O2 and H2O allows it to be released slowly. The electronics industry currently burns the plastic (usually PVC) coatings around chips and circuits to retain precious metals. PHB could provide an alternative which prevents toxic gases being released by this practice. Due to the property of biodegradability, special treatment facilities could be established to extract the precious metals in an environmentally friendly manner. Potential benefits of the biopolymer to society and the environment Environmental impacts: Recycling plastic as an alternative to environmental pollution and landfill usually requires more energy compared to creating new plastic. A biopolymer with the ability to biodegrade, such as PHB, removes the need to consider the less energy efficient recycling method. Burning waste plastic to harness energy is an option towards to landfill issue, but this releases toxic gases and increases carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. Conversely, biological polymers form part of a natural cycle whereby carbon dioxide and water are used during photosynthesis and released during natural decomposition. The ability to synthesise PHB from a wide variety of carbon rich sources means that a secondary use or market can be found for some waste products. Using substrates such as industrial food waste and molasses from sugar processing reduces the need for the treatment and disposal of such wastes. The complete changeover to PHB from normal petroleum derived plastics would reduce landfill volumes by approximately 20%, given this is the percentage composition of plastics in our rubbish. This would reduce overall volumes of pollution. Societal impacts: PHB and other biopolymers have revolutionised the medical industry. PHB is biocompatible with human blood and tissues, and readily reabsorbs into the body objects such as implants and threading. The biopolymer can also be used as a material for slow releasing drugs. Improvements in this field are inevitable. Petrol derived plastics can be carcinogenic. Examples include those containing benzene and vinyl chloride. PHB is a safer material for use in containers and drink bottles where this is an inconclusive concern. Reducing the volume of landfill by 20% has the social benefit of increasing overall domestic, commercial and industrial land use. It also reduces the public ‘eyesore the landfill creates. Production of PHB using food substrates can have negative societal impacts. A higher demand for substrates which form the staple diet of developing countries may reduce the ability of these countries to purchase this food. Such a consequence would worsen the food shortages of these developing countries. HSC Chemistry Assessment Task 1: Biopolymers Current problems with the biopolymer HSC Chemistry Applying PHB as a substitute material for petroleum derived synthetic plastics would cost substantially more and offer no real performance advantages other than its biodegradability. In the production of PHB four major factors influence overall cost: the price of the substrate the effective yield achieved from that substrate the price of other input factors tedious production procedures such as the need for a pure culture of alcaligenes eutrophus The cost of harvesting the PHB directly from alcaligenes eutrophus costs approximately $8/kg. This is substantially more than the $1/kg production cost for most oil based plastics. These high costs are reflected in the relative costs of different substrates. The cost of the petrochemical substrate for polypropylene is US$0.185/kg of polypropylene . This is a large variation compared to the prices of different PHB substrates given in the following table: Substrate effectiveness based on substrate costs and yield of PHB Substrate Price of substrate (US$/kg) Yield (kg/kg of substrate) Substrate Cost (US$/kg of PHB) Glucose 0.493 0.38 1.350 Sucrose 0.295 0.40 0.720 Methanol 0.180 0.430 0.420 Acetic Acid 0.595 0.380 1.560 Ethanol 0.502 0.500 1.000 Molasses 0.220 0.420 0.520 Cheese whey 0.071 0.330 0.220 Corn Starch 0.220 0.185 0.580 Hemicellulose 0.069 0.200 0.340 In addition to the economical restraints of PHB, various mechanical issues are also apparent: PHB is stiff and brittle compared to polyethylene and polypropylene. This has hindered its wide acceptance as a practical replacement for these materials. Brittleness is directly related to the degree of crystallinity in the material. At room temperature, over time, secondary crystallisation occurs and the material becomes more brittle. The polymer chains degrade during processing The effect of the mass production of PHB on the environment has not been thoroughly investigated. While the material is biodegradable and renewable, major environmental consequences not yet identified may exist. Properties/production processes which need further research The main directions of improvement and research into modifying PHB and/or its production process can be classified into two categories: HSC Chemistry 1. Methods which involve the physical or chemical manipulation of production environments: Adding lubricants and plasticisers to prevent degrading of chains during processing. Researching new bacteria which naturally produce plasticisers along with the biopolymer to address the issue of brittleness. Such progress would directly reduce the production costs as the plasticisers otherwise added are expensive. Suppression of the secondary crystallisation that occurs over time Making products that are programmed degradable a biopolymer that allows you to control when and how it degrades. This will insure that the biopolymer remains practical while still in use. Investigating the influence of additives on PHB degrading and level of brittleness Increasing the productivity of processing techniques such as: Extrusion: the process in which blends are mixed to create a uniform product Injection moulding: the process of injecting the molten polymer into a mould to solidify Investigating which solvents used in the extraction process are most productive and efficient Distinguishing methods which decrease the production time. Time means money, and the time taken by the bacteria to produce PHB is an economical factor hindering its commercial use.

American US Alignment

This research essay looks at the Latin American alignment with United States in the post cold-war era. Latin America has been associated with Soviet Union from the 1960s until the 1980s. Thus we will take a look on patterns in which US alignment has taken, taking in consideration political economic military and cultural connections.The essay illustrates factors reinforcing and causing tension for US-Latin America connection. Further will take look at the nature and extent of Latin America shift to leftward in the past decade as well as discuss the emerging alliances. From the findings it can be noted that United States hegemonic and coercive control transited to partnership and cooperation as a result of changes in the international system and limited resources of the United States.The factors contributing to this alignment include natural and human resources of Latin America; geophysical proximity and scarcity of resources in the world. It is concluded that this alignment have both beneficial and side effects to both involved. PATTERNS OF LATIN AMERICAN-US ALIGNMENT IN THE POST COLD-WAR ERA, CONSIDERING POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, MILITARY AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONSAccording to Klaveren (1992) Latin America has been viewed as a marginalized and abandoned continent. It has had little or distant influence on global politics due its geo-physical isolation. The region has been relatively been calm except during the Central American crisis of the 1980s. Klaveren (1992) elaborates that although Latin America has been peaceful externally it has had a history of internal conflicts in which foreign countries have not been involved except the United States.Due to interdependence and emergence of new rules in the global arena, there has been a change in redefinition of security concept. The United States redefines it in terms of drug trafficking, environmental protection and migration flow (Klaveren, 1992, p.29). Klaveren (1992) notes that geographical, cultural and political pro ximity of Latin America to US makes it player in supply of specialized and non-specialized labor to the aging population of United States. As a result they alleviate labor shortage to the later and aggravate brain drain in the former (Klaveren, 1992, p.30).Latin America has had good political ties and values with United States for a long time since World War 2. However there has been shortcoming in relation to human rights violation and democracy (Klaveren, 1992, 30). Economically Latin America trades with United States on several commodities, whereby the U.S. is a major market for Latin America motor vehicle parts, capital commodities and agricultural products (Klaveren, 1992, 27).There have been cultural ties between the U.S. and Latin America. Currently there is an influx of migrants from Latin America. They are progressively becoming large population in the U.S., which definitely has effect on U.S. life (Klaveren, 1992, 30).FACTORS THAT REINFORCE AND CAUSE TENSIONS IN THE LATIN AMERICAN CONNECTIONS WITH THE USLatin America possesses vast natural resources, for instance, Brazil is ranked among 10 top most powerful economies of the world while Mexico is in the second lot (Klaveren, 1992, 26). Latin America is endowed with mineral resources such as oil that is critical to world economy. Since Latin America has relatively developed industrial sector it is able to exports products to U.S. with the likes of Brazil and Mexico. More so, because of geo-physical proximity to U.S. they are able to supply specialized and non-specialized work force to them (Klaveren, 1992, 26).On the other hand a couple of factors cause tension with the U.S. one being the diversification of Latin American economies with inclusion of Japan and other developing countries. The lack of effective security measures in Latin America brings into fore the security concerns of U.S. with the increase of drug trafficking and proliferation of small arm (Klaveren, 1992, 26).THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF LATIN AMERICA’S SHIFT LEFTWARD OVER THE PAST DECADE.Latin America was formerly under American system from early 1960s but due to changes in the global economy it has moved from â€Å"natural segmentation to institutional integration based on geographic specialization† and has created their own niche so as to offer specialized services to the receiving end of the technological flow (Klaveren, 1992, 22, 27).Since the end of cold war, the influence of Soviet Union to Latin America  Ã‚   has declined. This resulted to difference in structural institutions of Latin America. For instance Brazil and Columbia had different positions on the liberalization of services in Uruguay Round (Klaveren, 1992, 39).Also, Klaveren (1992) notes that Brazil and Chile developed different alternatives to solve debt crisis after the 1980s Central American crisis. This gives us the complexity nature of Latin America in the post cold war era. The internal issues are as different as is the exter nal. Therefore, only a collective action based on concrete and common interest (Klaveren, 1992, 39).Latin America internal issue could only be dealt on specific case by case and by sector to sector.This is observed when looking at how in the UN General Assembly, Latin America votes with other developing countries or in the third world. However, there is differentiation within the Third World countries that could make variation in the pattern of how Latin America will play in global power (Klaveren, 1992, 39).A number of challenges are yet to be tackled by Latin America such as â€Å"pleas for solidarity and just international order† which will seem to be unnoticed and changes in the international system will have a direct and long term effect on Latin America (Klaveren, 1992, 41). Thus the influence of the region to international system will depend on specific strategies, internal, economic and political environment in which the strategies will be based upon (Klaveren, 1992, 41).Each country will have to mobilize economic, political and strategic resources so as to impact the global system otherwise they will be isolated (Klaveren, 1992, 41). The individual country foreign policy must adapt to changing international system and that scarcity of resources demands careful and selective decisions on approaches and choices to make (Klaveren, 1992, 41). It is worth noting that although sound external strategies are good; they must be backed with domestic conditions for them to flourish (Klaveren, 1992, 41).THE EMERGING REALIGNMENT BETWEEN THE US AND LATIN AMERICA AND WITHIN THE LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIESThe new emergence in realignment comes in the wake of global changes and the different administration of the US over time. Varas (1992) explain that the gradual integration of Canada, Mexico and some Caribbean economies in the North American geo-economics space led to erosion of single Latin American region.The post Latin American will be characterized with sub region system with different economic, political and strategic weight. There foreign policy, he adds, that was once useful for hegemonic alliance is now obsolete and new paradigm is necessary to address regional and international changes (Varas, 1992, p.48). Within the Latin American countries should use broad based approach, which takes account of political, economic and cultural orientations.   The United States have now transited from a hegemonic and coercive control to partnership and cooperation control. In this regard, according to Varas (1992) the U.S. was no longer  Ã‚   dominant in the international system as well as had limited resources to control and support the hemispheric countries.Thus policies of free trade and decision-making were determined bilaterally in this new system. While the Latin America was agitating for liberalized world trade the U.S., advocated for open trade and cooperative approaches to international problems such as weapon proliferation, terroris m, international violence and environmental degradation (Varas, 1992, 51). The U.S. cooperation with Latin America is on security matters where it seeks to establish credible defense systems, which are effective in peaceful conflict resolution (Varas, 1992, 56). The U.S. is also helping to strengthen democratic institutions and human rights although democracy is still elusive (Varas, 1992, 67). More so U.S. is strengthening its ties with Latin America on socioeconomic issues, especially when considering immigrants to US.CONCLUSIONThe long-term effect of these developments will not lack the merits and limitation for either side. To the U.S. they will be consolidating their presence in Latin America and use low cost measures in ensuring security to its nationals especially when dealing with drug trafficking, greenhouse effect, terrorism and global violence. However, this is threatened by the increasing immigrants from Latin America to U.S. The U.S. will have to depend on immigrants fo r labor because of its low fertility rate and aging population. The Latin America will suffer brain drain although such scenario would provide employment opportunities for its emigrants. The Latin American countries will definitely have economy growth due to direct foreign investment, just international trade and transfer of technology. The emergence of new developed economies like Japan, China Korea and Taiwan add to long-term effects to Latin America. REFERENCEKlaveren, A. (1992). L. America & international system. In   J.Hartlyn, L. Schoultz, & A. Varas. (Eds.). The US & Latin America in the 1990s and beyond (pp. 22-41). Latin America. UNC PressVaras, A. (1992). From coercion to partnership: a new paradigm for security cooperation in theNorthern Hemisphere. In J. Hartlyn, L. Schoultz, & A. Varas. (Eds.).   United States and L.   America. (pp. 48-67). Latin America. UNC Press.

How does Steinbeck present the American Dream in ‘Of Mice And Men’ Essay

The American Dream is the term used for the dream that all American people share particularly during The Grate Depression. It could be argued that all the characters in the novel share this dream. The American Dream was a dream that nearly everyone had throughout the twentieth century. It was hope for a better life and people believed strongly that it would come true. The main characters in ‘Of Mice & Men’ have a dream which was to get a plot of land and live on it and become self-sufficient. The American Dream was not an achievable goal for many people. Steinbeck shows this failure through the characters of Lennie & George. We first heard about The American Dream when Lennie and George were sitting by the river at the beginning of the book. Their dream was one of independence. Workers like Lennie and George had no family, no home, and very little control over their lives. They had to do what the boss tells them and they had little to show for it. They only own what they can carry. Therefore, this idea of having such power over their lives is a strong motivation. The dream was a hope that every, rancher had an opportunity for a better life. Lennie and George, the two main characters, had such a dream, â€Å"Some day were gonna get a little place and a couple of acres†. The idea was to get a piece of land, grow crops and have an improved life there. They also new exactly what they were aiming for and what they wanted. Because of the World Depression at the time this dream seemed non-realistic, as no one had any money and people were struggling to get jobs. They all thought the dream would provide them with a better life, more money and a sense as belonging. The dream gave them a feeling of happiness and hope. The dream was also used as a source of comfort, Lennie would craftily use the dream to comfort George when he was angered, and George would bribe Lennie with the dream ‘But you ain’t gonna get in to no trouble, because if you do, I wont let you tend the rabbits.’ Later on in the story Candy joins in with the dream, this makes the dream seem more realistic, instead of just fooling themselves. This gives candy freedom and hope because without a job he would have no future. Apart from that he has all the same reasons as George and Lennie to want a ranch, (hope, success, happiness etc). Curly’s wife also tells us about her dream in the book. Her dream is different to the ranch workers; he dream is a typical woman’s dream to become famous in the movies. This was really all the women could do at the time, she was hoping for glamour and attention, to improve her status and have some independence. The reason for wanting the dream seems the same for everyone in the book even though they are different ‘types’ of people. We know that the dream is not realistic because crooks tells us and we believe crooks because he’s intelligent. We know this because in the description of his room it is said that he has books on his shelves. Crooks also tells us about his dream in the story and it practically identical to the others dreams. When Whit brings in the pulp magazine with the letter written by Bill Tenner, the men are all very impressed. They are not certain that Bill wrote the letter, but Whit is convinced he did, and tries to convince the others. In the transient life of these workers, it is rare to leave any kind of permanent mark on the world. In this letter Bill Tenner has achieved some of the immortality the other men cannot imagine for themselves. I think this upsets the workers a bit and makes them long for their dreams to come true even more In the conclusion of the story everyone’s dreams have been shattered. The dream is ported as a brutal struggle. And in impossible goal to achieve, this is showed in all characters but most in the two characters Lennie and George.

Advantages and Disadvantages o essays

Advantages and Disadvantages o essays The Simpleton as Wise Man: Tom Hanks as Forrest People today view slow people as being stupid and not being able to do anything without the help of others. Forrest Gump falsifies that statement. Tom Hanks does a righteous job in this movie role. Forrest Gump proves that slow people can be viewed as wise men. He tells his life story to perfect strangers, but he does not mind. He tells the strangers about all the adventures in his life, people he has met, and the places he has gone to. He has met such stars as Elvis Presley, John Lennon, and the infamous The movie starts out when he is at the bus stop waiting for a bus. Hes just sitting there when a lady gets off the bus and sits on the bench next to him. Forrest starts talking to the lady about how her shoes look very comfortable. He says one of his Mommas famous saying, You can tell a lot about a person and their shoes. Forrest Gump seems to have gone through a lot in his life. Forrest offers solutions to different situations. He does not let other peoples feelings toward him hurt him in anyway. There were a lot of different characters in this movie. There was Jenny, Mrs. Gump, Bubba Blue, Lt. Dan Taylor. These characters had a impact on his life. Forrests momma made him into what he is today. Mrs. Gump told Forrest a lot of good things like, No one is no more different that you are. He loved his momma to death. Mrs. Gump cared a lot for her son. She wanted Forrest to have everything ranging from a good education to a straight back. She was there with him through every major event Forrest went through. Even through the bad parts she was there to Next to Momma there was Jenny. Forrest always says him and Jenny were like peas and carrots. Forrest first met Jenny on the first day of school. He was riding the school bus for the first time and he could not find ...

Family abuse essays

Family abuse essays In the United States, there are four to six children who classify to be the family sexual abused victims in every five minutes. Despite the fact that family sexual abuse is identified as a vital problem, our understanding and knowledge of family sexual abuse is very minimal. According to the information from the Midwest Childrens Resource Center (MCRC), it states that 65 % of referrals of suspected sexual abuse cases are child age 5 or under. How does the sexual abuse affect childrens lives? According to Hilary Cashman, Sexual Abuse may cause various kinds of disturbed behavior to adolescents, such as depression, school avoidance, running away, self-mutilation, eating disorders, sexually transmitted disease and pregnancy. (33) Therefore, the appropriate metal care and the effective prevention are not only minimizing the native influence to sexual abused victim, but also they help to prevent the tragedy happen to another innocent child. Based on the book of Cashman, Sexual abuse is defined as the involvement of dependent, developmentally immature children and adolescents in sexual activities that they do not truly comprehend to, they are unable to give informed consent, or violate the social taboos of family roles.(30) Due to the fact, our society does not have a very clear definition of sexual abuse, so abusers frequently assert or hint their victims to consent to sex with them. The example of Elizabeth provided by Cashman shows how unclear definition of sexual abuse helps her abuser out of the bounds of the law. Her father started to abuse her when she was only four and went on until she left home at the age eighteen. As a matter of fact, the physical harm exists in her life until she got married, but her father kept doing some other things to her. When Elizabeth was eleven or twelve years old, she was trying to find someone to help her. The first person she ever told was a priest, however, that ...

Health Campaign Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Campaign Part 2 - Essay Example you identified in Part I; (3) to describe the target population’s incidence, prevalence, and mortality differences between the national and state level; (4) to explain the community-based response to the issue, including community-based planning, needs assessments, and selection of locally identified objectives; (5) to compare institutional and community leadership roles in responding to these targeted health objectives; (6) to describe any economic factors and funding intervention strategies that will address the issue; and (7) to describe the role of social marketing in promoting public health related to the issue of obesity. The issue of addressing obesity has been specifically identified as a national agenda in Healthy People 2010. Its relevance and priority to focus on this chronic illness and to seek ways to address it are possible through epidemiology surveillance systems and tools implemented both in the local and state levels. Several local agencies working in conjunction with national health organizations have outlined strategies and measurements to prevent obesity in their specific areas. When collated, the data form part of the national statistics which inform the public of the updates on this chronic illness. The numerous local and state agencies within the country give authoritative data, facts, and statistics; as well as goals, projected outcomes, and recommendations to assist the public afflicted with obesity. Likewise, professionals, both in local and state agencies, are ready to assist individuals in ensuring that an effective successful long term weight loss is achieved. In this regard, this essay is written to further expound and proffer the relevant issues surrounding obesity, as a national agenda specifically identified in Healthy People 2010, with the following specifically defined goals, to wit: (1) to describe how the target population is defined at the national level and compare how these data may differ in the defined community,

Highway Design Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Highway Design Individual Project - Essay Example And, in the same formula, it was also required to ease the transportation with widening of the various roads consisting possibilities of heavier and frequent traffic in near future. Better public transport will encourage more people to use it. But the car will remain important to the mobility of millions of people and the numbers of people owning cars will continue to grow. So we also want to make life better for the motorist. The priority will be maintaining existing roads rather than building new ones and better management of the road network to improve reliability (A New Deal for Transport: Better for Everyone 1998) Hereby, we proceed to a supposed intended plan for widening of A511, which is a 34 Km road joining the towns Coalville,  Ashby-de-la-Zouch  and  Burton upon Trent. While private transport is quite regular over this route, there are increasingly adding heavier transportation vehicles. And, as it passes by outers of many crowded locations, it becomes an easier choi ce for industrial and heavier transports too. Pertaining to those conditions, a plan for turning A511 into a dual lane (D2AP) seems quite appropriate and essential. Before proceeding to the designing phase, we take out a look at the positioning factors and parts of A511 falling in numerous townships. Thus, before we move forward to plan a refurbishment structure for A511, we have to analyze its various sectors, their relevance and their distinguished features to come up with a clear view of the route, its utilities and essentialities during its refurbishment and widening. Also it would be required to separate the route into its junctions and crossings to clear out a scenario for policies and conditions to be applied. 2. Site Investigation Geography and sectors of A511 1. Starting from junction at M1 motorway, passing by B585 and A447, A511 moves towards B5006 while going towards Burton Golf Club. 2. It passes from besides the Burton Golf Club and crosses A5121 further. 3. Ahead, mov ing by A38 it leads towards Harningglow. 4. From Tutbury it takes a sharpe 90? turn to add into A50. Fig. 1.1 5. Route A511 ends in the junction at A50 which falls in between Uttoxeter and Derby. (See fig. 1.1) For a refurbishment plan, we must first dissociate and focus on A511 in number of partitions. There are some basic differences from each partition for an overall further planning. Sr. No. Section Details 1. Junction at M1 Industrial and farming neighborhood. Mostly the task here includes the connection of A511 to M1 motorway that will require a widening of the joining section and making proper ways for diverting traffic. 2. M1 to A42: This part reaches to the town of Coelville. Mostly the traffic will contain the diverted vehicles that come from the M1 Motorway. However, less intra-town traffic is supposed for it consists only incoming road to Coelville. 3. A42 to Burton upon Trent town: The connecting parts to A511 to Burton Bridge must be met during the basic widening. Also , this same part is supposed to contain the intra-town traffic from Coelville to Burton. Thus, frequent travelling is supposed. 4. Burton upon Trent to A38: This portion will include the intra-town traffic coupled with the inter-town traffic. A heavier traffic is supposed to rush over this part. And, because this portion falls in town, the development of sufficient and standard pavement will also be essential. 5. A38 to Tutbury : During

Japanese history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japanese history - Essay Example Japanese modernization journey progressed further in the Meiji era. Meiji presented an enlightened system of leadership and served to emphasize Japan’s central control in the unequal treaties with Western countries (Waddell and Abe 40). During this period, the administration created a flexible pattern that allowed Japanese to effectively borrow and embrace experiences from other nations. Thus, it empowered technological advancements. The oligarchs too guided the country through beneficial modernization process. Important in this era is the promotion of nationalism and unity among citizens. Furthermore, education progressed patriotism and national pride. In addition, the era addressed shortcomings of the samurai. Despite the significant progress, Japan still experienced challenges. Taika reforms accentuated centralization and enhanced the authority of the imperial court. During the era, Japan rationalized T’ang model, taxation, and land tenure system. Hence, Taika reforms played a crucial role towards rationalizing land and in forming network institutions that assisted the central government. To enhance order in the society, Kamakura shogunal system applied rule by the military aristocracy that occupied predominant local power. The system promoted valuation of land as a measure of wealth. However, it operated in perturbed tandem with the economic and political system positioned in Kyoto. It is also notable that even though the Emperor lacked authority to eliminate old order, he used the system to consolidate his power.

Reasons Why Projects Fail Essay Example for Free

Reasons Why Projects Fail Essay In a perfect world, every project would be on time and within budget. But reality (especially the proven statistics) tells a very different story. Its not uncommon for projects to fail. Even if the budget and schedule are met, one must ask did the project deliver the results and quality we expected? True project success must be evaluated on all three components. Otherwise, a project could be considered a failure. Have you ever seen a situation where projects begin to show signs of disorganisation, appear out of control, and have a sense of doom and failure? Have you witnessed settings where everyone works in a silo and no one seems to know what the other team member is doing? What about team members who live by the creed Ill do my part (as I see fit) and after that, its their problem. Even worse is when team members resort to finger-pointing. Situations similar to these scenarios point to a sign that reads danger. And if you read the fine print under the word danger it reads, your project needs to be brought under control or else it could fail. When projects begin to show signs of stress and failure, everyone looks to the project manager for answers. It may seem unfair that the burden of doom falls u pon a single individual. But this is the reason why you chose to manage projects for a living! Youve been trained to recognise and deal with these types of situations. There are many reasons why projects (both simple and complex) fail; the number of reaso can ns be infinite. However, if we apply the 80/20 rule the most common reasons for failure can be found in the following list: Undefined objectives and goals Lack of management commitment Even with the best of intentions or solid plans, project can go awry if they are not managed properly. All too often, mishaps can occur (and usually do). This is when the project manager must recognise a warning sign and take action. If you understand the difference between symptoms and problems and can spot warning signs of project failure, your training will help you take steps to right the ship before it keels over. Yes, its the project managers responsibility to correct the listing no one else. In addition to applying the processes and principles tau ght in project management class, you can also use your personal work skills of communication, management, leadership, conflict resolution, and diplomacy to take corrective action. During the course of managing a project, the project manager must monitor ac tivities (and distractions) from many sources and directions. Complacency can easily set in. When this happens, the process of monitoring breaks down. This is why the project manager must remain in control of a project and be aware of any activity which presents a risk of project failure. Yes, this is why you are paid the big bucks. Tom Carlos has over 20 years of cumulative experience in business, technical, and training environments. Project Smart is the project management resource that helps managers at all levels to improve their performance. We provide an important knowledge base for those involved in managing projects of all kinds. With regular updates it keeps you in touch with the latest project management thinking. http://www.projectsmart.co.uk Reasons Why Projects Fail

Leagility Defined for the Supply Chain Essay example -- essays researc

Leagility Defined for the Supply Chain Two words, lean and agile, combine to make the word leagility. Supply chain managers need lean supply lines to eliminate waste and keep costs low. They also require agile supply chains to get the right amount of the product to the right place in order to satisfy the ever-changing nature of the marketplace. Traditional management recommended a lean supply chain for products with a stable demand, yet low profit margin. Conversely, products with a high profit margin and volatile demand should have an agile supply chain (Van der Vorst). Modern managers may benefit from studying hybrid supply chains that are both lean and agile. Lean supply chains work best with products that sell in high volume and low variety (Christopher). The reason for this is clear when one considers a type of product meeting this criterion. Toilet paper sells in predictable volume and while there is some variety with this product, it is basically the same from brand to brand. The consumer is more likely to buy this product as a result of price rather than bells and whistles. A manager of a supply chain of toilet paper can use many tools to keep the logistics cost low. Sales of this product are likely to be tied to population size with little of no variation in sales†¦except in college towns where TP sales may be higher during rush week. This consistency allows managers to ship regular orders of the product. Consistency allows for long-range contracts with shippers, wh...

Tarantella Poetry Commentary

The poem Tarantella is structured into two stanzas. The stanzas are unequal in length as the first stanza is longer than the second. The poem also consists of a chorus which is repeated 3 times. The chorus in the poem is â€Å"Do you remember an Inn? Miranda? Do you remember an Inn? †. Tarantella is about the memories of a specific Inn; â€Å"Do you remember an Inn, Miranda? †. The poem is set during war which is shown by the imagery used. The poem describes the bad experience of staying at an inn during war because of the â€Å"straw for a bedding† and the â€Å"wine that tasted of tar†. The tone of the poem is energetic which is created by the quick speed of the rhythm. The irregular lines of the poem are long or short which helps to create the quick speed. . The short lines also contribute towards the speed. In the poem, â€Å"And the cheers and the jeers of the young muleteers† is repeated as part of the technique used. Other techniques used in the poem include couplets and onomatopoeia. The poem has a fast rhythm. The effect this creates is an upbeat and energetic tone. The rhythm is created by the flow of the poem and the rhyming of the different lengths of lines. Tarantella can also be danced to as it is also a lively folk dance in 6/8 time. There are theories about the dance and one of those is that the dance is a cure for spider bites. Another theory is that when one is bitten by a spider, the victim would have the urge to dance uncontrollably. The poem rhymes irregularly in couplets or sometimes in the lines. An example of the poem rhyming in lines is â€Å"the fleas that tease in the High Pyrenees. As Tarantella is a dance, the music of the dance also goes along with the poem. Tarantella has two metaphors which help set the imagery. The last stanza shows that the poem is set during war. This is shown by the two metaphors that are in the last stanza. The metaphor â€Å"Aragon a torrent at the door† shows that Aragon is â€Å"at the door† and ready for war. The other metaphor â€Å"Waterfall like Doom† is about the bombs th at are falling, and flowing like a waterfall creating a â€Å"boom†. In the poem â€Å"the feet of the dead to the ground† describes the victims of the war. The victim’s feet are on the ground meaning that they have fallen and died. The poem is alerting people that are going to experience war, about how it feels. This is shown by some of the negativity about the experience, as well as some of the good memories of it. Some examples include, â€Å"Straw for a bedding†, â€Å"wine that tasted of tar† â€Å"cheers and jeers†. The person that would be alerting people would have experienced war themselves.

Human Population: The Overpopulation Problem and Sustainable Solutions Essay

Human society lives in the atmosphere of numerous environmental threats. However, no dangers are as threatening to humanity as those created by humans themselves. Like global warming and the extinction of animal and plant species, overpopulation has already turned into the definitive feature of the postmodern environmental reality. Few strategies have been developed to address the overpopulation issue. The positive effects of those strategies had been but few. Today, there is an urgent need to develop a global sustainable strategy that will reduce the rates of the population growth to the extent, which will allow humans to meet their present needs without compromising the needs of the future generations. Overpopulation: A Review of the Problem A wealth of literature was written about overpopulation, its causes and consequences. Gilland (2008) defines overpopulation as â€Å"relation to a country’s ability to feed its inhabitants† (p. 122). In the global contexts, overpopulation implies that the planet no longer possesses resources necessary to satisfy even the basic human needs. More often than not, the concept of overpopulation is discussed in relation to diet and food consumption patterns. For example, Gilland (2008) provides an extensive review of what a satisfactory average diet is and what nutrition problems usually indicate the presence of the overpopulation issue. Overpopulation is often equated with conditions of living that manifest through continuous imbalance between population numbers and the carrying capacity of land; and here, food and diets are fairly regarded as the basic measures of overpopulation per unit of land (Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 2007). Overpopulation is problematic because it leads to unavailability of food resources with the caloric content needed to meet individual daily requirements for energy (Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 2007). The situation with developing countries is particularly difficult, because these countries cannot meet the growing demands of the ever increasing population. Difficulties with food production, continuous poverty, climate changes and significant crop losses add their share of complexity to the issue of overpopulation. For example, Africa’s share of crop production decreased 30% between 1960 and 1990, and further 30% decrease is predicted in the next 25 years (Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 2008). These problems will widen the population-nutrition gap and will turn overpopulation into the basic cause of famines and economic scarcity (Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 2008). Overpopulation marks the beginning of the so-called â€Å"plague cycle†, which will lead to the collapse of the food supply systems and will create environmental constraints, which technologies cannot reduce (Cassis, 2004). The growing pace of technological advancement makes the problem of overpopulation even more controversial, achievements in technology lead to the growing scarcity of natural resources, especially oil and gas. The current state of overpopulation and the continuous population growth on the planet will lead to global crash of the most important supply systems (Cassis, 2004). Urban and densely-populated territories will be among the first to perceive the adverse effects of overpopulation. Their dense population and woefully inadequate sanitation provide the ideal breeding ground for diseases new and old – diseases that will, sooner or later, be carried to all parts of the world through migration and tourism† (Cassis, 2004, p. 178). The poorest parts of the world will experience the drastic consequences of resource depletion and are likely to plunge into anarchy in their fight for survival (Kaplan, 1994). With the population of roughly 6. 8 billion today and 211,000 people ad ded every day, the earth is likely to reach the 9. 2 billion point by 2050 (Johnson, 2007). Food and health systems will hardly withstand the pressure of the ever growing population. The world’s food supply per capita increased 30% between 1960 and 2000; meanwhile, the world’s oil reserves increased only 3%, and grain production increase did not exceed 2. 1% (Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 2001). Obviously, the time will come when the growing population will need to fight hard to satisfy the growing feeling of hunger. In light of these complexities, the lack of the overpopulation awareness is at least striking. Cassis (2004) is correct in that the media do little to help people better understand how overpopulation impacts the planet. Most individuals do not have any single idea about the finiteness of natural resources and do not recognize the need to preserve the environment for the future generations. However, the resource pie is far from big enough to divide it into equal pieces among everyone (Cassis, 2004). It is high time the human society reconsidered its consumption patterns and addressed the existing overpopulation concerns, before it is too late. Overpopulation: Living and Nonliving Factors and Positive and Negative Sides of the Issue Definitely, the current state of population on the planet is the result of both living and nonliving influences. The living factors of overpopulation include the growing availability of food resources (including animals), the growing resistance of the human organism to bacterial infections/ diseases, and the growing life expectancy. Among nonliving factors of overpopulation, the most important are public health improvements, the advances in human knowledge of ecology and biology, better access to nonliving resources like oil and gas, improved transportation and communication and, simultaneously, the growing social gap between different population layers. The availability of food and better human resistance to bacterial infections and diseases greatly contributed to the population growth on the planet. The past 150 years were marked with the remarkable increase in food production by farmers: between 1965 and 1985 alone, the amount of grain harvested and processed worldwide increased from 630 million tons to almost 2 billion tons (Miller, 1995). Rapid technological advancement led to the development of more sophisticated fertilizers, machinery, and new kinds of seed, which altogether sped up the expansion of agricultural production all over the world (Miller, 1995). Unfortunately, the distribution of food resources on the planet remains increasingly uneven. Meanwhile, human society continues conquering the most dangerous infections and diseases, making human organism more resistant to various kinds of living organisms. Better health is both the product of better nutrition and better medical practices. The latter are an essential nonliving component of the growing population. Really, significant improvements in medical practices and public health systems made the rapid growth of population possible and even threatening to the stability of the social order on the planet. Vaccinations, new theories of disease, better systems of food and water supply, and improved waste treatment became the basic prerequisites for the dramatic increase in human population on planet (Miller, 1995). Death rates fell sharply due to substantial progress in medical science, while birth rates, especially in the poorest areas of the planet, remained increasingly high (Miller, 1995). For many people, having more children became the symbol of healthier life (Cassis, 1994). Modern communications and the sophisticated system of transportation have created better conditions for giving birth to and bringing up children (Cassis, 1994). As a result, with time, overpopulation gradually transformed from a distant perspective into reality. Like any other issue, overpopulation has good and bad sides. Surprisingly or not, overpopulation creates a challenge the society must meet in order to survive. In this situation, people actively work to develop solutions to the most urgent food supply problems (e. . , the development of genetically modified foods). Nevertheless, negative factors of overpopulation overweigh its positive sides and include the growing scarcity of resources, environmental pollution, the failure of traditional food supply chains, and the growing population-nutrition gap. Overpopulation and the Current Sustainability Solutions The growing scarcity of food resources leads governments and social groups to propose and implement sustainable solutions t o the problem of overpopulation. Current sustainable policies cover a limited range of instruments and do not resolve the existing overpopulation controversies. In the system of overpopulation solutions, family planning and birth control occupy the central place and are based on Malthus’s theory that â€Å"all biological populations have a potential for increase that exceeds the actual rate of increase, and the resources for the support of increase are limited† (Fellman, Getis & Getis, 2007, p. 125). Indonesia was among the first to adopt a family planning program that established numerous village centers to distribute contraceptives and educate people about birth control (Pakenham, 2004). As a result, Indonesia was able to decrease its fertility rates by almost 40 percent (Pakenham, 2004). Other countries, including Thailand, Mexico, South Korea and Tunisia were able to decrease their birth rates; the dramatic decrease in birth rates ultimately led to a 33-percent increase in economic growth in East Asia (Pakenham, 2004). Chinese one-child-per-family policies received a great deal of attention (Cassis, 2004). Economies like Japan apply to complex policies of economic growth, based on the belief that economic prosperity and lower fertility rates are closely connected (Cassis, 2004). These, however, are separate attempts to resolve separate issues in separate countries. Humanity never tried to develop a complex strategy to address the most complex elements of the overpopulation problem at once.