Presences of Others Essay Example for Free

Presences of Others EssayIt is shown that people have the tendency to perform better when in a assembly this is called social facilitation. in that location have been other studies done contradicting this and with more difficult experiments it actually hurts a persons performance in a group. As Zajonc stated a state of arousal is linked to performance without the presence of others. When an individuals is faced with a more difficult task it may lower that persons self-importance esteem and accordingly lead to that person not performing at his or her best. Most people are afraid of being judged and this will affect all of our popular everyday behaviors due to a low self esteem issues. Now with simple tasks a persons performance can be a positive and a stimulating experience allowing a person to perform better and set higher goals for themselves and have higher self esteem. I am a person who can identify with these, in starting school a few years back I was very intimidated an d self conscious about being in a class room with people I did not know. I watched everything I said or did and did not want to even raise my hand because I did not want to be embarrassed if I answered incorrectly or sounded stupid. At first in my class I did not perform very well with the group, but as I got to know everyone my positivity started coming out and I was adequate to(p) to benefit with being in a group and excelled.The article I read in the Journal of Social Psychology was about a wide accepted finding that in social psychology, that the mere presence of others reduces anxiety. Based on Wrightsmans widely accepted findings, that his study which he originally demo that the reduction of anxiety is less in the presence of others (at least firstborns). Though Epley raised some questions on the methodology of Wrightsmans study and about the tangible reason there was an anxiety reduction, Epley stated that it was probably due to the distractions or social comparison and no t just thepresence of others. I believe that depending on the situation the group may be in. I also found that also it depends on the situation and task at hand that a group is in and if the conditions are peaceful or hectic. The next article I read stated that the presence and type of situation and the connection between the devil with the presence of an audience and how they react to the performance. Participants were performing various tasks both in group settings and alone. In group settings word association was better performed compared to problem solving tasks which were more successful while performed alone. It all depends on the task at hand and in what situation the task is being performed in and under what conditions. credit ratingJournal of Social Psychology. Aug1978, Vol. 105 Issue 2, p301. 2p.

Teacher Shortage Essay Example for Free

Teacher Shortage EssayToday informers are non paid a lot and as a result there has been a deficit of teachers, especially good, qualified ones. Until teacher salaries are raised and program line comes to be a desir adapted profession, teacher paucity is red ink to have a negative impact on both teachers and students. Teacher shortage is sad for students because it means an amplifyd number of students in score. Teacher shortage is bad for teachers because larger class sizes mean more students to be responsible for and more paper to grade. Currently, most teachers are older men and women.Today there are an average of twenty teachers per district retiring ever year (Perrin). But what is going to happen when those teachers retire? Who is going to fill all those positions? Most likely, it will not be education major currently enrolled in college because everyday, education majors are changing their majors. Teaching does not seem like a desirable profession due to the low s alaries and strenuous work load. After expending ks of dollars to earn a college degree, college students want their degree to work for them.They do not want to work a high hour, low paying job when they exist they could be out making good gold at an entry level computer job. Until teacher salaries are increased, things are only going to function worse. Already, many of the teaching jobs are held by substitutes, many without college degrees, and that are not always experts in the field in which they teach. With the current teacher shortage, large class sizes are just going to get larger. The problem does not sound serious right now, but what will happen when those students are doctors, teachers, or presidents geezerhood down the road?This is a serious problem that could have a very negative impact on our nations future. So, what are we doing to address the teacher shortage? Right now, recruiters are going out of the country to find qualified teachers. Recruiters are mainly tap ping into India, Russia, Canada, and Spain for newfound teachers. While it seems like a good idea, shallow districts are paying high dollar to fund these recruiting trips. Districts often even have to pay a finder fee of up to 5 metre dollars per teacher. They also must sponsor them for special visas, help them with housing, and hold orientations to ease the cultural transitions(Lord).Perhaps a better alternative wouldbe to use this money to increase teacher salaries. Paying for the new teachers is not the only problem with this idea. Even while the foreign teachers might be experts in their fields, what are they going to teach the students if they students can not understand them? Also, a teacher from India is not used to walking through a metal detector every day in the beginning work. Classroom discipline may also be a critical issue. Indian students tend to be more orderly and respectful. When an Indian teacher walks into a classroom, they expect the full attention of the cl ass.Unfortunately, this is not always the case today. In this kind of case, I think it is bad for the students and the teacher. The students may not be able to understand the teacher. The teacher may not be ready for the type of students that they are going to see. So, what do we need to do about teacher shortage to make people want to go into teaching? The teachers need to be paid more money. According to Jared Bernstein, an NEA official, most teachers are underpaid at least five thousand dollars a year, based on their education skills, even taking into account summers off.Teachers are even more underpaid in Missouri. With the national average at just over forty thousand dollars per year, the Missouri average is just under thirty-five thousand dollars per year. So if most teachers are underpaid five thousand dollars, Missouri teachers are underpaid about nine thousand dollars per year (Bernstein). The First Lady, Laura Bush is even trying to help solve the nations education problem , vowing to go to college campuses and multitude bases to recruit desperately needed new teachers. She and President Bush are even going to try to set an example by teaching in classrooms.The First lady used to teach second grade and holds a masters degree in Library Science. A program has started called Teach for the States becauseit is estimated that over thenext ten years the United States Education Department will need over two one thousand million teachers (Perrin). The program encourages college graduates to make a minimum two-year commitment to teaching. Another plan the First Lady and the President are committed to is the Troops to Teachers program. This plan is to recruit qualified teachers that are retired members of the military. many an(prenominal) of the retired members have degrees in science, math, and engineering. Plus, they bring something to schools that is desperately needed, discipline. Bush believes in the Troops to Teachers program so much that he plans to i ncrease spending from three million dollars to thirty million dollars on the program (Killian). The teacher shortage is really a serious problem. But, I really do feel that the necessary step will be made to move in the right direction. The change will not happen overnight though. Great ideas to come up with new teachers, especially the Troops to Teachers plan, are being pursued.Many of the retired military members are overqualified for the jobs. Their discipline in the classroom is much needed. The bill they are working on could be a good idea. The bill gives the districts more freedom with the money, which could be a good or a bad thing. They could use the money to lease good teachers, or they could use the money to build better facilities for the schools. The answer is not to go to other countries to find teachers because it costs too much money to go recruit teachers. Why not just use that money to increase teacher salaries?

Issues in Altering Historical Buildings

Issues in Altering Historical BuildingsInterventions, the modern-day versus the past, timeless or trend, sympathetic or callous?An investigation into the kind between historic architecture and modern interventions, An insight into Britishness and the controversy of altering historical constructs.thither atomic number 18 currently a lot of high write builds which involve an emeritus construct gaining a new(a) addition, an mannequin creation the plans for the Tate Modern art gallery reference book, (FIG)which has been truly controversial and progress tod a split in legal opinions, notwithstanding why? Is it due to the proposed structure being such a contrast to the breathing ex-industrial palette of brick and masonry or is it due to people not disposition the aesthetic of the new design, or is it something several(predicate) all together. Why be these type of projects so controversial? What is it ab reveal the deliberate contrast of styles that separates traditi onalists from modernist thinkers so powerfully? Are these old buildings being utilised better with their new additions or is it simply a fad, which like Modernism will mean the buildings may be seen as useless or ineffective structures that will be demolished and replaced in a matter of decades.Understanding this theory better involves looking at why these buildings hurl had coetaneous additions added to the existing structure, whether they devote been re purposed, saved from demolition, been given a new lease of life, or hurl simply been enlarged. t whizz at specific vitrines will determine whether or not the additions have been successful or unsuccessful and whether the modification has truly been in the buildings best interests or is simply part of a trend which is reasonable an architectural gimmick, which may or may not stand the test of time.The junction between historic and Contemporary materials is overly an grave factor of this merging of styles, for voice the arc hitect behind the Public Library in Landau, Ger galore(postnominal), Lamott Architekten commented that the point of which the former unwraper bulwark has been perforated ar rendered as wounds., Does the delicacy of the conjunction between materials effect prejudicial outcry in relation to the historic building, does the new design have respect for the existing structure, whether or not there is any major displacement of any historic stone work, or any airplane pilot features which are covered up or overshadowed by the new development. Are these additions part of the constant extension of buildings that has occurred for hundreds of years, or is there something about contemporaneous architecture that makes it different to styles of the past. Is it what some people see as the building organically changing and growing, or is this movement a reaction to the recent environmental stance to architectural design, and simply a way to reuse old building rather than demolishing them, and altering them to be more(prenominal) energy efficient.Is there need for a more regulative or a more accepting approach to planning for these kind of projects, or do the restrictions mean that only the best designs are put forward, and if regulations were not in place would many historic buildings would be ruined by badly knowing or poorly planned interventions or is there simply too more than bureaucracy and petty regulations keeping progress to the bare minimum and standing in the way of landmark projects. Would it be better for a building to be transformed into a coeval usable building, when the ersatz is for it be left to degrade and to be forgotten.In fright with Britain in particular is the collective reservedness holding contemporary architecture and progress in the designed environment back? Will this phenomena ruin our historical buildings shoot and confuse our sylvans heritage, or is there a more positive impact on society that hind end be sought from well design ed contemporary architecture.The use of the word statement plays a big part of this debate, is this movement solely about creating a statement piece of contemporary design just to make an impact, or will it prove to have more depth, and become something more permanent in the architectural world. Is the fact that projects such as the Reichtag and the Ontario museum up to now exist suggest that despite the controversy that there is an overall gradually changing opinion as to how historic buildings are modified. The contrast between a landmark and an iconic building, is great, can they ever be combined to create something timeless.Chapter 1 How did the imagination of preservation in architecture come into being. How has the movement of adding to existing evolved over time.In the debate of which method is better conversion restoration or extension. The more sensible pickax of restoration, (to use historically accurate building methods and materials to create a mimic of the existing), can be seen as more sympathetic to the building. In a conversion of a medieval human beings program library in Spain (FiG) it was commented that Through simple repair measures, carefully fitted to match the building, and only a few new additions, the atmosphere and splendour of the cowcatcher building warmheartedness pervades (Cramer and Breitling 2007, p.33)To take care the brainlism behind the preservation of old buildings, in particular in the United Kingdom, It must first be understood how and why the root word of buildings being cheered came to pass. Phil Venning from the hunting lodge for the safeguard of old-fashioned buildings explained that the beginning of historical building preservation stems from what the nices were doing Between 1840 to 1870 there was a huge process of restoring churches and cathedrals. half(prenominal) or all medieval churches were restored and the problem was the nature of that restoration. Take St Alburns church, not one single stone from the original building was re utilize. It was a complete Victorian makeover, a complete invention that bore no relation to anything historical that existed be stem turn, so hundreds of years of genuine history were wiped away for the sake of something fantastical and altogether unnecessary.(Venning 09) Historical buildings often have a long and complicated past, many things that happened deep down the building are unvalued, this mystery and wonder create a divide of affection for the historic, architectural or otherwise. There is a contradiction in feeling about historic things, Most peoples opinion of old artefacts is contradictory. For many the old often represents stagnation and decay. On the other hand, the old is also treated with a true respect, recognising the fact that the ageing process involves survival in the showcase of difficulties. The very fact that something has been conserved can stimulate wonder and reflection. Perhaps it is the familiarity of old things that one values, and the experiences which have contributed to their survival over time. The traces of ageing can be perceived as a form of cultural identity.(Cramer, Breiltlig, 2007)Looking back on particular examples of buildings that were added to or restored in the past clearly shows why certain protection was needed to preserve historic buildings. Longleat house in Wiltshire is a very extreme example of how Victorian style additions could be unsympathetic to the original structure. Within Longleats interior are numerous hidden voids, where new additions and interior layout changes are fitted within the existing structure often leaving huge voids which can only be accessed through tiny service doors and are totally blocked off. atomic number 53 of the biggest voids in the building contains a beautiful clock case. It is tacit maintained, and is in perfect working order, but very few people ever see it, as in order to put on the clock face an angled mirror and a torch are need ed. This type of loss of history lead to the creation of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877.One of the main concerns of those opposed to this movement is the preservation of historical culture, not being a priority and how through these ultra modern additions it is being lost in order to create more of an popular style, with less emphasis on a specific culture as, due to technology and its effect on intercourse it is more international rather than national. Architects can now work with buildings thousands of miles away, and may have never personally visited the site in question, this fact alone, along with many other factors, including globalisation means that it is inevitable that some form of universal style is to develop. However, on the contrary to this it is seen that each building is developed based on its site, its context, including its past and historical value and its use, meaning that no two buildings could ever be developed in the exact same w ay.(quote) This means that utilising a universal style can never be a generic scenario as it was during the Modernist period.Historically new styles were developed through travel and exploration. The grand tour for example that took place during the 19th century involved English noblemen and architects exploring Europe, in order to be inspired by existing architecture and bring them back to Britain, therefrom the birth of the Renaissance style. The grand tourists were very destructive in their exploration, many chipping of details from the buildings to keep as mementos and carving their names in the walls of ancient temples. Renaissance architecture was formed through the misunderstandings and reinterpretations of Greek and roman letters architecture. An example of this being that many grand homes in Britain were inspired by Greek and Roman temples. Temples were built for certain gods to search shelter, so the interior was never meant to be seen by the average townspeople. Creati ng homes based on the design changes the concept behind the original form altogether. This is one of many examples of how the British reinterpreted another cultures style of architecture to create a new style that is seen as quintessentially British.The idea of adding to existing in a current style has been occurring for centuries. Many precious buildings have been added to in different periods, for example Chillham Castle in Canterbury in which Major alterations were made in the late 18th century by Thomas Heron and his Wildman successors, in the 1860s by Charles Hardy and finally in the 1920s by Sir Edmund Davis.(Peters 08). This was before William Morris introduced laws to protect old buildings, and there was obviously not the same feeling of preciousness that is felt with concern of old buildings as there is today. Chillham castle is an excellent example of how the whole building was changed depending on the style that was in fashion, In 1775-76, Heron refitted the Jacobean hous e al roughly throughout in Georgian style.(Peters 08) This was not ineluctably always the best for the building, nevertheless, In what has been termed an evil afterthought Brandon put a replacement oriel window over the front door, roughly resembling the original but using his own heavy design. (Peters 08). In the 1920s Chillham castle was restored to its previous Jacobean state as much as possible, which while maybe benefiting the building in its layout and overall coherence, had erased hundreds of years of history. Thus the fenestration changes of the 18th and 19th centuries have been largely swept away, and the external elevations must look today substantially as they were originally in 1616 (Peters 08) This is a different approach to current renovation methods, in that in contemporary additions seek to enhance the historic, rather than replace the historic in order to achieve the illusion of a historic building.During the 60s the movement of altering the historic, became more familiar to what contemporary additions try to do today. Architects such as by Carlo Scarpa, Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella, bridged the gap with innovative ascendant to reuse of old buildings, which is looked at further in Chapter 4.(need to bridge gap between these paragraphs)These ideas could be used with contemporary interventions where by instead of feeling frightened or intimidated by change of precious historic building stock the British should pamper this new trend, because if we do not then we will not develop a contemporary British style, and that is what frightens us most.Chapter 2 How does the collective British oral sex affect projects severe to contrast old and new? Does the planning system have to change to keep the UK at the forefront of current design?As discussed in chapter 1, the introduction of restrictions in altering old buildings has changed the way in which they are preserved, and how architectural fashion affects the previous history. Planning laws can be restrictive in the renovation process. Many historical buildings are listed which mean that certain criteria concerning structural changes and material use have to be obeyed. It is difficult to determine whether or not these restrictions are not changing enough to keep up with current demands of modern living such as open plan spaces and environmental efficiency. It is interesting how the opinion about implementation of contemporary additions between planning authorities differ. In Alain De Bottons book The architecture of happiness and his accompanying television computer program The perfect home not only does he give examples of projects that strived to create a addition, and fought a battle with planning laws over the idea of contemporary being more appropriate that mock or motley, but he also looks into why pastiche may be the preferred choice, not just by the planners but of Britains oecumenic everyday. Public opinion plays a big part in a buildings success. Does the existences opinion truly reflects the merits of the building and the design, or is the public view still tainted with a lack of distrust of Contemporary style design after the failings of the Modernist movement. Is it still the safe but pastiche option that the general public favours? Is the idea of fitting in still deep set into the minds of people as being the more acceptable and therefore the best option? In order to understand this ideal we must look to the modern housing stock. Pastiche has been able to run riot with the UKs housing. Mock Tudor and Elizabethan houses are everywhere, many are built by developers without even a consultation with an architect. These buildings are familiar, they are safe, they are seen to involve less risk. In this country in particular the conservative mindset appears to be holding back the contemporary in architecture but not in technology or communication or amenities, what does this say about how we feel about the spaces we occupy.Alain De Bo tton refers to Vilhelm Worringer a 20th Century philosopher that concluded that people fell in love with specific types or styles of architecture because it contained or symbolised something that that person, or that persons society was lacking, hence Alain De Botton links this to the theory that pastiche fake Tudor and Georgian new build homes are favoured as a parallel to the grotesque landscapes of factories and industrial units that a technologically advanced society produces. This could be seen as an underlying reason for the infusion of Historical and Contemporary architecture being so controversial, it evokes confusion with feeling of wanting to retreat to the past away from technology and advancement. The idea of the modern bringing the Historical into the new millennium may frighten people into a dislike for these projects. One paticular example Alain De Botton pick out is one that challenges this theory and suggests that individuals are now starting to realise the posit ive aspects of Contemporary architecture and how it can be more sympathetic to the genuine historic than make believe pastiche. Wakelins is a Tudor house that was refurbished and extended by James Gorst architects as a private home for James Gorst himself. The striking contemporary extension can be seen to have more in common to the original structure as it is also timber framed, where as a pastiche mock Tudor extension would be a masonry structure. James Gorst commented that styles can co-exist without conflict and that you can be respectful of the past but in your own era (Gorst 08) another(prenominal) example Botton uses is a elfin subtle contemporary extension to a Georgian terraced house in East capital of the United Kingdom (FIG). This extension was specifically designed by Henning Stummel architects to house derriere facilities on each floor of the house. The reasoning for this is to create a more accurate Edwardian layout. As the Edwardians did not have bathrooms one was created at a later date on the top floor causing disruption to the flow of the house. The new extension allowed the flow of the house to be restored to the original. These two example defends the theory that A true homage rarely looks like one (Botton 08) that something can be historically sensitive with out aesthetically matching anything from the past. This extension could be seen as beneficial to the house by some, and beautiful with its timber panelling and block like windows, but it involved a long and dense battle with the local planning committee, which in its entirety took two years, as the council favoured a mock Edwardian extension. This is contrasting evidence to opinions of the likes of Peter Vennning from the society for the protection of ancient buildings who would always rather something that is innovative and well designed that simply copying what was there already (Venning 09) This constant struggle with opinions of the council and planning with individuals crea tes a barrier between the success and the compromise of contemporary additions to Historic buildings. This could suggest that there is a problem in this country about accepting contemporary architecture, however there is the issue that it is only in the residential sector that this is apparent. In the United Kingdom there are some award winning contemporary buildings, and they are common place for projects such as theatres, libraries and universities. People obviously appreciate their public and commercial buildings to be contemporary, and in custom built projects the building layout to best reflect its purpose.This theory is then reversed when we look at the modern British home, which only seeks to replicate the old. There is a British mark to be very proud of our homes, but it is questionable why this has manifested itself in such a way in this country and differently in most other countries. It is a view that British people take pride in their home, in particular with aspects s uch as DIY or do it yourself being seen as quintessentially British DIY is something of a national pastime on Bank Holidays in the UK (unknown, 09) This however is an aspect in itself that leads the public to believe that homes are a personal thing. This, in the past has lead to disagreements between architects and home owners, one example being Le Corbusier and the villa Savoye, and the client being told not to put curtains up as it would spoil the inside outside effect created by the curtain glass. This posed the problem of creating a compromise between good design and an aesthetically pleasing building, and taking into consideration client needs and the practical every day functioning of the building. All this evidence suggests that the gap between the public opinion and the architects opinion needs to be bridged. The planning department can be seen as the people to bridge the gap, however they seen to subconsciously be reinforcing the distrust the public have with contemporary d esign with the favour of pastiche and mock, rather than championing the projects that if built could start to change the publics perception of contemporary architecture. This outlines the main issue that if well designed contemporary projects are not built they will still be seen as the abnormal. It is already outlined that the British public find a scent out of security in older style buildings as they are well known, vast in number and familiar. Therefore it seems that it is impossible to bridge this gap without disconcerting the British public at some stage. The planning committee have the power to change the publics perception however they are part of the British public in themselves and their preferences for mock can be seen as a reserved or scared move on their behalf. Architects have an understanding of how contemporary architecture works, and how it can be beneficial in a modern society. This could be seen to suggest that there must be a form of making the public aware of c ontemporary architecture and how it works, for this fear is based on a lack of understanding, or simply refusing to understand.The current debate on this issue is fore fronted by Prince Charles. In a very British manner he is opposing many architects work in defence of preservation of historical buildings in the UK. Prince Charles, Royal, although with no official authority for building regulations, has become the spokesperson for this debate. However his very traditional views have been controversial even to those who support the cause.Philosophically the princes subscribe to be the protector of tradition does not bear scrutiny. He recently resigned as patron of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) because he does not understand or subscribe to its manifesto, as set down by its founder, William Morris.The key SPAB principle is that no adaptation or extension to an historic building should seek to imitate the original, but be distinct and of its own time. To q uote a feeble and lifeless forgery is the final result of all the wasted labour. That one of the princes advisers also designs for Disneyland is symptomatic of a preference for a sanitised version of the past, stripped of the authentic vitality Morris sought to defend. (Macintosh 09)This difference in opinion reflects the much wider debate of whether to adapt buildings in a contemporary way or as traditionally as possible. Prince Charles can be seen as a typically British example. Part of the Monarchy but with effectively with no authority in matters including architecture, he feels his opinion more valid than that of William Morris and the entire staff at the Society for the protection of Ancient BuildingsBut the prince is understood to have particularly objected to the suggestion that restoring old houses in their original style often results in a pastiche an unflattering hotchpotch of materials and forms taken from different sources -and took pains to say as much.(English 09)Wit h figure heads such as these portraying their opinion of the correct practice, as out of date mimicking, is it no wonder that the British public, that which is still in admiration of its monarchy, something which is very uniquely British, can the lesser known faces of this debate, such as the SPAB be considered within public consideration.However there are points raised by prince Charles that defend the idea that there is a difference in opinion or a gap of understanding between architects and the general public that must be addressedA gulf is continuing to divide architects from the rest of society because of their compulsion with forms (Hurst 09). However even Prince Charles admitted that the planning system needed reform, which means that there is proof that the planning system does not even benefit those traditionalist ideas concerning architecture.There is recent contraversay about Prince Charles position within this architectural debate. The recent withdrawl of foreign fundi ng for a high end contemporary development in London due to the Princes interfearence has ferocious many. It could be seen that Charles should be trying to urge foreign developers to invest in housing, to benefit the country as a whole, especially in a time of economic crisis. Many others challenged the design of the building, mainly those of a certain authority and age range Palace officials are likely to argue that the prince was only one voice against the Candys plans for Chelsea Barracks. Lord Stockton, grandson of Harold MacMillan, the former prime minister (Chittenden,09) The Prince also stated his views on his prefered alternative He proposed a classical alternative that mirrored the 17th-century Royal Hospital, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, across the street. (Chittenden,09) This comment is an example of how people are afraid of something new, and prefere the security of something that already exists, the pastiche. If the Prince becomes king in the in store(predicate) then the debate will become increasingly intense, which poses the possibility that more and more pastiche will find its was to the buildings sites, rather than something more exciting and innovative. The idea of recreating a like the Royal hospital, means that the newer building will only ever be a lesser building than the original, due to the fact that mimicking something with contemporary techniques will ultimatly compromise the overall integrity of the building, particularly when the original is as close as Prince Charles proposed. In esscence pastiche architecture is putting style out of context, in respect of time. Is it then not that different from structures in theme parks and museums? This can be epitimised by the fact that as discussed prevoisuly one of prince Charles advisors also designs for Disneyland. This could be seen as Prince Charles prioritising style over substance, whcih is surely not how successful buildings are designed. The idea of replicating an old building is never doing the original building justice, as it will always be compromised by contemporary requirements as well as contemporary building edicts and planning regulations.. This could, in extreme circumstances in the future, lead to old buildings being demolished in favour of pastiche, as mock buildings are created in the relevant period and are therefore more suitable for current use.It could be said that to truly appreciate old buildings they muse have a contrast, in order to keep the rarety and preciousness of its design. Another aspect of architecture that Prince Charles has been talking about is sustainability. In a recent talk he was considered to come across as an intellectual Luddite, whose only solution is to retreat into a Hobbit-like world of organic earthy buildings and no cars. (Baillieu, 09) This is linked in Prince Charles speech with the idea that he is wary or afraid of experimentation within the architectural genre.its his belief that the challenge of climate change can be solved without experimentation. This is where the speech unravelled for in making out experimentation to be a terrifying leap in the dark rather than something good based on hypotheses and a body of knowledge (Baillieu, 09).It is easy to see how these two aspects come together to form this overall opinion. This is again relating back to the idea of being afraid of the unknown and the security of the familiar which is known to have existed and survived for a period of time. However it is clear that without experimentation it will be impossible to combat the climate changing effects of our current architectural stock without stepping into the unknown and experimenting to create new technology and contemporary design. This supports the idea of moving on from historical design and designing in a more intellegent way in order to combat this problem, and start developing ideas for architecture that the future requires. This point in argued by those who support the science an d technology of this debate In his renowned two cultures lecture, the novelist and scientist CP Snow warned that if people wanted to turn their backs on science and the benefits of industrialisation they were free to make that choice. I respect you for the strength of your aesthetic revulsion, he said. But I dont respect you in the slightest if, even passively, you try to impose the same choice on others who are not free to choose.(Baillieu, 09).This also supports the idea that some part of the population are not nessessarily lead by their own choice but rather the choice of figureheads in their society. This directly relates to Prince Charles and the negative impact he could have on the populations views concerning architecture.It is easy to see how people become patriotic about this countries old buildings, but surely opposing anything contemporary in architecture at all is hindering the progress of the country as a whole.The destruction of old buildings during the first and seco nd world wars helped to create the feeling of preciousness for the old buildings that survived. Modernism that took advantage of the loss of historical buildings to create something new, which even involved demolishing old buildings that survived the air raids. This was admired by young architectural minds but disliked by older more traditionalist architects as well as the public. This Modern style of building was very much a duplicating style with certain design rules that had to be followed by every building, which lead them to have a very generic quality. This strict code of aesthetic design lead to many of the buildings being demolished as little as ten to thirty years later, due to the fact that the buildings were deemed to have no soul and were considered ugly and harsh aesthetically. The destructive qualities of Modernism and the architects ideas of town planning, showed not only the public but also the architectural world how important it was to create structures that were n ot only functional but iconic, and to create something the public could enjoy, not just the architectural elite. Modernism as a movement angered many people who were dedicated to preserving history, and ever since then they have been fiercely protective of old buildings and the work that is done with them. Many people however who have acquired old buildings with the intent on restoring them, have to wait months and deal with infuriating, bureaucracy before they can start work,. In a lot of cases until the necessary permissions are granted the owners are powerless and must watch as the building they own deteriorates further putting the building itself at risk. An example of this is the work carried out on a folly in Monmouth(FIG)(Gillilan 09) to restore the original building which is from the 16th century but was rebuilt after being struck by buoy up in the late 1890s. They also wanted to include a modern extension and to tear down the 20th century additions that were not appropriat e for the building, trying to mimic the original with rendered concrete that were causing damage to the existing structure. This project included an equal amount of restoration and extension, designed by architects with thoughtful and slight conjunction between modern and historic materials shows how with better technology and more sympathetic building materials our views to restoring old buildings is slowly changing.The planning committee of a local council however is not the only underground an individual with Contemporary taste must face. Public approval is vital for a successful planning application, and neighbours opposition can stop a project even beginning. In Ling, a small historical village in Norfolk a resident wished to build a contemporary house on the site of his old pottery shed. He has been trying to get permission for his dwelling for years, and his biggest obstacle is the villagers themselves, who think the building is ugly and doesnt fit in The question is why did this matter so much, and why exactly did the new building not fit in? The building is proposed to be made from traditional methods with local materials so it is the contemporary style of the building the villagers find so offensive. The resident in question commented that there is something peculiarly British about this putting the past on a pedestal and that everything old is sacrosanct and you touch it at your peril. But is it just the British who feel this way, or is it something that is part of any country with a long history and a wealth of historical buildings. A contrast to this would be to look at a country where this is not the case. Dubai is mostly desert, but due to

Construction Project for Denver International Airport

Construction find out for Denver International Airport1. Project Concept and Strategy1.1 Is the decisiveness to mannequin a new diffuseport at Denver a strategically sound decision? Give Reasons for your opinion.Yes, the decision to build a new parentagedrome at Denver is a strategically sound virtuoso. This is because Denvers Stapleton Airport was experiencing b assay growth prior to deregulations. Deregulation meant open market competition that would pay back air travel within the reach of average person thereby increasing air job at the Stapleton Airport. Moreover, the regional council of governments predicted that the airport would not be subject to handle the necessary traffic by 2000.Stapleton could save been modernized giving it a lease of life for another five old age and Denvers outside(a) location meant that the insufficient capacity problem would still persest and could cause city to lose valuable duty.Denver Stapleton airport was also one of the major fall ining airports and was stratified in top ten worst air traffic bottlenecks in United States. These bottlenecks at Denver affected other airports as it had only cardinal runways located very closely to each other which in bad weather were considered one. The new airport was meant to solve this bottleneck problem for Denver city.Stapleton airport was affected by high velocity winds which resulted in operations organism shifted from one direction to the other, this procedure wasted 45 minutes. The new airport would bring this time to 4 minutes thereby saving monetary value and time for the airport.1.2 Using the Gray and Larsons model, write a simple proposal scope financial statement for DIA tramp.Project Objective Constructing a world class international airport that would serve the needs of the city for at least fifty to sixty years with an estimated cost of $1.7 billon.Deliverables-Building a world class international airport for Denver city.Ten 12,000 runways and deuce 16,0 00 foot runway.327 foot FAA air traffic take in and a base mental synthesis structure. running/taxiway lighting system.Creation of a buffer zone to protect surrounding residents.Building three concourses with 72 airline gates and 18 commuter gates.DCV baggage handling system for the entire airport.Milestones-Passing of Airport Referendum.Land Selection and other legal headroomAirport DesignProject Management teams selectionConstruction of the runwaysConstruction of airport facilities opening move DayTechnical Requirements-Continuos noise monitoring and limits on business which ar in direct competition with the existing business in Adams County.Prohibiting residential development within 60 LDN noise level.Translucent tent-like roof for the Airport.Runway/taxiway lighting system.All three concourses to provide 70 airline gates and 18 commuter gates.Fully automatize baggage handling system.Limits and exclusions-BAE would soma and build the automated baggage handling system.U.S. W est intercourse Services was responsible for Airports shout services.The City of Denver, Greiner Engineering and Morrison-Kundse Engineering bequeath comprise the wander counsel team and will be responsible for information management, managing costs, schedulight-emitting diode coordination and administration of the contractors. crude siege of Orleans Architectural firm responsible for creating standards that would unify the tout ensemble airport and to do the schematics and design development of the primary(prenominal) terminal.Review with customer-Review is to be done with the Denver City Council.2. Project define and readying2.1 Did the project plan explain how try management, and any changes in the project would be controlled? Should this be part of the plan? Give reasons.DIA project plan did not explain how find management or any other changes in the project would be controlled. Project Management teams often use Statement of wee (SWO) or Project Charter to establish adventure limits (Larson Gray, 2011). DIA case study does not provide any evidence as to the use of these documents to establish risk and to manage them. danger are always perceived to have negative impact but they can also be positive (Turbit, 2011). Therefore, Risk management is very crucial part in project planing as the future is uncertain and what risk management can do is to identify all the authorisation risk and assign contingence plan for the identical. Turbit (2011), has given up the basic steps for risk management, these are-Risk IdentificationRisks QuantificationRisk ResponseRisk observe and controlBy following these simple steps, risks can be identified and appropriate contingencies plans for them same can be made. These steps if followed correctly justify the richness of risk management in project management.2.2 How many times has the DIA project changed the scope and what are the effects of scope changes on project management?Project arena is The live that ne eds to be extend toed to deliver a product, Service, or result with the specified features and functions.? Going by this definition the scope of DIA has been changed sevener times thereby extending the deadline of the project. These are as follows-In March 1993- Denver Mayor inform that opening would be postponed to December of 1993. The effect of this is the rise in cost form $1.7 billion to $2.7 billion.In October 1993- Opening date pushed to March 1994. Delay associated with problems in Baggage handling system and fire- security system. The effect of this was the projects cost rising to $3.1 billion and upset cargo carriers.In December 1993- Due to incomplete baggage handling system another delay announced.In February 1994- Opening re pland to May 1994 due to the incomplete baggage handling system.In May 1994- Another delay in opening and Hiring of two German experts who had worked on a similar baggage handling system at Frankfurt airport.In August 1994- Indefinite delay in op ening announced, manual backup baggage handling system. The effect is, rising costs now estimated at over $4 billion.The effect of scope changes on project management is scope specter and rising costs. DIA project passenger vehicles have incorporate so many small changes giving rise to so much additional work that the budget in hand and the time needed to accomplish the project is now insufficient resulting in seven delays in project completion.2.3 Recommend a suitable project organisation structure for DIA project and justify your pickax.The project organisation structure that I would recommend for DIA project is Organising projects as dedicated teams. Following are the reasons for my choice-Simple As the project teams comprise of specialists the functional organisations working is not affected by the formation of such(prenominal) project organisational structures (Larson Gray, 2011). If this structure was adopted the City of Denver would have been kept out of Project managem ent and only the specialist team would have been responsible for the projectFast It has been observed that dedicates teams accomplish the projects much more quickly as every team subdivisions effort is dedicated to one common goal (Larson Gray, 2011). In DIA this was not the case as three Project Management teams were coordinating there effort.Staff adhesion and high motivation Team members show high degree of motivation, adhesion and righteousness as everyone in the team is working for a common goals (Larson Gray, 2011). If DIA had followed this structure the responsibility and ownership of task would have been much easier.Cross Functional integration People with different skill set work towards the optimisation of project even if it is not there area of expertise (Larson Gray, 2011).Freedom to project manager compared to other to form of project organisation structure the project manager has comparatively more freedom to control their team resulting in better and faster decision making (Larson Gray, 2011).3. Communication and Stakeholder Management3.1 Project communications were apparently poor. Give examples of two communication mishaps and justify your answer.According to Larson Gray (2011) Communication is one of the main components in project management. However, in DIAs case the communication was rather poor.Examples of two communication mishaps are as follows-No excitants from the two major Airlines in the design phase 80% of the flights at Stapleton airport were controlled by United and Continental yet no inputs or their involvement in design typesetters case was never sought. This was a major communication mishap, because these two would be the major controllers of flights at the new Denver International Airport. Failure to get their vital input in the design phase was a failure on the part of PMT.DCV system Good project communication plan would have told the team member about the issues and risks associated with this complex baggage handling system. But communication in regards to DCA system was a diaster in project management perspective. The terminal construction had already begun and no one knew what the design of DCV system was. No one was aware of the risks and complexity associated with such system. This is an instance of a major failure of communication in the DIA project.3.2 wherefore was Unites Airline opposed to expansion of Front prune Airport?UPS wanted to build a regional hub at the Front Range Airport. This involve federal funds. If FAA granted funds for UPS regional hub then a commercial airlines could not be prohibited from setting up shops in the Front Range Airport. As costs were already fixed the threat to United Airlines was from the low cost carriers who would have operated at Front Range Airport. If this happened it would quash the passenger traffic at DIA which equated to less profit for United Airlines. To curb UPS ambitions United filed a lawsuit. Moreover, it also secured the passe nger number at the new DIA airport.3.3 Why is Stakeholder involvement so critical? Briefly explain four main stakeholders interests or objectives?Stakeholders includes everyone whose interest the project affects negatively or positively (Larson Gray, 2011). This definition of the stakeholder makes it very clear how grand stakeholders are to a project. If the Project Manager does not understand how different stakeholders affect the project it can de detrimental for the projects completion. Therefore, it is important to manage their dependency on the project.Four main stakeholders and their interest / objectivesAdams County Adam County is interested in DIA because it is being constructed in their area. Their objective is to ensure the interests and safety of people living in its area. This is being done by creating buffer zones, keeping the noise pollution down and the limits on new business opening as a consequence of DIAs construction.New Orleans-based architectural firm- One of the contractors of DIA. Their objectives are- Creating standards for the unification of the airport and taking the design of main terminal through design development and schematics.BAE- One of the contractors for DIA. Their objectives are to design and build the baggage handling system within two years.U.S. West Communication Services Is one of the contractors in the DIA project. They are responsible for the telephone services of DIA.4. Risk Management4.1 What appears to be the single greatest risk in the decision to build DIA-discuss?The single greatest risk in the decision to building DIA is that the construction of the Airport began 1989 without a signal contract being signed between DIA and the two major airlines, Continental and United.These two airlines were the main stakeholder in the project and were likely to control 80% of the flights at DIA as they did in Stapleton airport, they convinced DIA to make some substantial changes and addition to the originally plans. DIA did oblige to their bay but without any harmony between them. If the two later on decided not to operate at DIA they could not be forced to do so as they were not legally bound by any contracts.4.2 How did DIA project handle risk? Was this impressive? What efficacy they have done?DIA only did the preliminary risk analysis which convolute only three areas, these were weather, cost and human resources. Apart form this no risks analysis were done. These risks analysis were not that effective as it was seen in cost risk analysis where the bids for construction were received below citys own estimates. DIA project did not have a proper risk management programme. After Mr Waddles left DIA to join State of Colorado the project was without a full-time risk manager for several months and eventually a second-stringer was found in Molly Austin Flaherty. To sum up whatever endeavours DIA undertook in regards to risk management were unsuccessful.To manage risks more effectively DIA should have undertaken the risk management surgical sue. This process includes four steps, these are (Larson Gray, 2011)-Risk IdentificationRisk AssessmentRisk Response DevelopmentRisk Response ControlIf DIA had diligently followed these steps it would have been in a far better position to identify all the risk involved with the project and develop appropriate responses for them.5. undertake Services5.1 Construction began without a signed agreement from Continental and United Airlines?- why is a formal signed agreement necessary in this project?Continental and United were the main stakeholders in the DIA project together both controlled 80% of the flights at the Stapleton airport. Given their existing presence in the Denver air space it was given that they would be the major users of the new DIA airport.Denver City Council should have formally involved Continental and United in the DIA project as they could have given vital inputs at the design phase and should have sign an agreement with t hem. Instead, DIA project planners made important changes to the original design on suggestions made by the two airlines. Moreover, these changes were made to the original plan without any contract being signed between them and the two airlines. DIA should have signed agreement with both of them as this would have lead to the sharing of risk that would have risen through the changes proposed by the two airlines (Larson Gray, 2011). The commitment would also have sure a commitment of maintaining a certain number of flights at the new DIA airport.However, DIA opted for not having any agreement with the two airlines. This left DIA venerable, as both could reduce their operations at the new DIA airport or withdraw from the new venture altogether. This meant that the very companies on whose base the billion dollar investment was mean and constructed could walk out at will as they were not binded by any formal agreements.5.2 What contractors were involved in the DIA project and briefly explain two main contractors performances.The Contractors that were involved in the DIA project are-Morrision-Knudseb Engineering (MKE)- Contracted for Project Management Team.Greiner Engineering Contracted for Project Management Team.New Orleans Based Architecture firm Contracted for creating unified standards for airport and taking the design of main terminal through schematics and design developments.BAE Contracted for the design and building of baggage handling system.US West Communication Services Contracted for DIAs telephone services.Union Pacific Contracting for designing track for the train that would connect Denver to DIA.Bechtel Corporation Responsible for transferring of airport facilities from Stapleton airport to DIA, this has to be done over night.Two Main Contractors Performance-BAE They were responsible for designing and building the automated baggage handing system. BAE was brought into the project after 3 years of construction and still BAE miscalculated t he time it needed to complete the project and committed to do the entire work in two years which otherwise would have taken eight years. BAE miscalculated the work involved which resulted in the baggage handling system not being delivered at the required time. To sum up BAEs performance was unsatisfactory for this project.Greiner Engineering Was one of the firms in the project management team (PMT). The PMT did not perform satisfactorily. Things such as risk management, project communication biding, to name few, were not performed satisfactorily by the PMT.5.3 Did the project follow a systematic bid process? What might they have done?No, the project did not follow a systematic bid process. Case litterateur does give some evidence in regards to the biding process but it is not strong enough to classify the biding process as systematic. There is an instance in case where the New Orleans based computer architecture firm was selected on their past experience with Denver city council th ereby providing further evidence that a systematic biding process was not followed.DIA should have followed the RFP process. The world-class step the Project manager should have done was to develop the Request of Proposal (RFP) for the project or for parts of it (Larson Gray, 2011). Then the RFP/s should have been announced to the outside contractors with adequate capabilities and expertise (Larson Gray, 2011). The next step would have sees the interested contractors submitting written bids which would have been followed by DIA project mangers selecting the bid that best meet the requirements of RFP/s (Larson Gray, 2011). This process would have ended by providing explanations to contractors as to why they were not selected (Larson Gray, 2011).6. Progress Monitoring and Control6.1 Identify the main causes of schedule variation in DIA project.Numbers of causes were associated with the scheduled variation of the DIA project but the main ones are listed as follows-DCV baggage hand ling system according to case literature the baggage handling system delayed the DIA project four times. Two specialists were hired from Germany to iron out the problems with the baggage handling system at the DIA airport. Ultimately a back manual system was financed by DIA authorities as the reliability and completion of the automated system could not be guaranteed by the contactors.Frequent Scope Changes The scope of project was changed on a number of occasions, though the changes were minor but their aggregated effects on the project cost and its completion were immense.Communication Plan The project did not have an effective communication plan. There was no communication between the different stakeholders resulting in scheduled variation of DIA project.Risk Management planning The project managers of DIA did not evaluate the risks involved with the project nor did they develop an effective communication plan to tackle the identified risks. This also led to the scheduled vari ation of the project.6.2 What would you have done when you saw that the project would not meet its schedule?If I saw that the project would not meet its deadline I would have done the following things-Conducted an in-process Audit In-process audit would have been used by me if I saw the project would not meet its deadline. This is because it allows for corrective actions if the detail changes keeping a strong focus on project advancement and performance (Larson Gray, 2011). This would also help to identify constraints in the project.Implementing Integrated Cost/schedule system The major problems that the builders of DIA had were the costs, time and communication in the project which were beyond their control. According to Larson Gray (2011), as time passes the ability to influence a particular cost decreases. Therefore, a hygienic integrated cost/schedule system will be able to keep the costs and schedule in define through timely reporting of the same. This will also aid in better decision making as all the stakeholders will be provided with the same facts and figures.Resource levelling DIA is a time constraint project. I can use resource levelling technique to delay non-critical activities and concentrate on critical ones (Larson Gray, 2011).7. Project Closeout7.1 highlight the major areas of strength in the management of this project.DIA project did not have much to speak about, but a couple of things do deserve to be mentioned, these are-Even though DIA failed to involved all the stakeholders effectively into the project. They however, did work efficiently with stakeholders, whom they were involved with, to resolve their queries and objections.The original Airport design had four concourses but DIA project planners had efficient WBS to build only three concourses in order to keep the budget down.7.2 The DIA project was evidently not well run. Why? Give reasons for your opinion.Yes, the DIA project was evidently not well run. The reasons are as fol lows-Inadequate Risk Management Though DIA project managers did under take risk management it was not sufficient for the project. The risk management process failed to identify critical risks which resulted in waste of time and money to cope up with such risks. Moreover, the project was without a full time Risk Manger for several months.Lack of effective communication plan DIA did not have a well penalise communication plan. Consistent and timely information about the project was not given to various stakeholders. This effected the decision making process as everyone was not on the same wave length.Scope creep DIA project managers kept on including small tasks without realising the impact it was having on the scope of the project resulting in increased costs.7.3 Overall, What lessons have you learnt from DIA project?The lessons learnt from the DIA project are as follows-Involvement of main stakeholders It is very important and crucial for a projects success to involve the main stakeholders in the project. DIA made a blunder by not involving the Continental and United in the design phase ad these two could have given vital inputs in the design phase. Moreover, their involvement in the inception stage would have meant that the later changes made by each of them to the design would not have happened.Importance of Risk Management Process- A proper well execute risk management process is very important for an project as it prepares and makes the management about all the risk that may arise and equips them with options to tackle the risks as and when they may arise.Importance of communication plan A well executed communication plan delivers consistent information to the various stakeholders thereby increasing the speed of decision making process.Setting realistic goals Management should take into reputation the budget and the time before setting up any goals. Prime example in the case is of the automated baggage handling system. The system involved eight yea rs of work but the contractor committed to complete it in two years which was not a realistic goal.Proper biding process should be followed A proper RFP process should be followed. This given equal chance for all the external contractors to participate in the biding process and ensures that deserving contractors will be selected which ultimately will be beneficial for the project.

Product analysis of Nestle

Product analysis of NestleNestl is the largest victuals company in the world, commercializeing over 8,500 brands and 30,000 increases. It operates nearly 500 factories across 5 continents and employs over 200,000 employees worldwide. As the World Food Company, Nestl is the provider of the best food for whatever time of day and for whatever time of your life. Nestl RD Singapore plays an important enjoyment in the development of carrefours for Nestl Nutrition, with focus on creating products with micronutrient fortification to address deficiencies.Nestl has an extensive product mix come outed at many different segments of the food market. The chosen product course for in-depth analysis is Nestl draw products, which is targeted at p arnts of early children ( develop 1 5) and health conscious adult consumers who commit to retain heart and bone health. In the adult family line in specific, the functional milks offer a regurgitate of functional benefits, from cholesterol i nstruction and heart health to bone health.A product mix is the present of all(a) products a developitioningicular seller offers for sale. A product mix consists of various product lines and has a certain width, hold, depth, and consistency. The table below shows the product-mix width and product-line length for Nestl products in Singapore.Product-Mix WidthBaby FoodsMilkCerealsChilled D ventilatey glass CreamConfec-tionery Choco-latesBeveragesCulinary/ FoodsHealthcare NutritionPerfor-mance NutritionPet CareProduct job LengthJunior FoodsGrowing Up MilkBreakfast CerealsYogurt DrinkDrumstickKit KatMiloMaggi NoodlesNutrenPowerBarALPO Dog FoodInfant Cereals rich Cream MilkYogurtMatKoolMilkybarNescafeMaggi PorridgesPeptamenPro Plan Dry FoodAdult MilkTake Home TubsCrunchMaggi StockNestle Ice CreamSmartiesSauces SeasoningsPotongMiloYang Sheng LeNestle GoldRecipe CollectionsUncle TobysThe width of a product mix refers to how many different product lines the company carries. Nestls r ange of product lines includes baby foods, milk, cereals, dairy products, confectionery, ice cream and chocolates, culinary foods and pet care products. Nestl in like manner provides a broad range of nutritional and flavored beverages and offers product line with specific nutritional functions. The length of a product mix refers to the total number of items in the mix. Nestl had an average product length of 2.8. Within the range of Nestls milk products include growing up milk, full cream, filled milk and adult milk. The depth of a product mix refers to how many variants are offered of apiece product in the line. For instance, Nestl adult milk comes in two functional forms (bone and heart health). The consistency of the product mix refers to how closely related the various product lines are in end use, production requirements, distribution transposes, or some separate right smart. Nestls product lines are consistent insofar as they are consumer goods that go through the same dis tribution channels.Company croup expand its business in four ways it can add sensitive product lines, thus widening its product mix it can lengthen each product line it can add much product variants to each product and deepen its product mix or it can pursue more product-line consistency. To distort our targeted market, Nestl can add new product line in the area of elderly health food, thus widening its product mix.In Singapore, the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) conducted in 2003 reported a prevalence of dementia among the elderly as 5.2% for 60 geezerhood, 6.0% for 65 years, and 13.9% for 75 years. Health Minister Khaw Boon Wan expects the numbers to double by year 2020. fit to research, nutritional deficiencies in elderly are one of the factors influencing their cognitive functioning. In the article Many over-50s not eating properly (The Straits Times, September 2, 2010), the editorialist shared a recent survey results indicating that older Singaporeans are not g etting enough nutrition, with only 1 per cent of 421 respondents aged 50 years old and in a higher place have a balanced diet that meets the recommendations of the Health Promotion Board (HPB).Contrary to common belief, dementia is not an inevitable part of the ageing process and preventive and protective factors can help reduce the risk or delay the onset of dementia (Health Promotion Board). The best way to fight dementia is to maintain a good cognitive function and having a healthy and balanced diet is essential. There is a growing requirement and market for Nestl to get brain-healthy functional foods targeted at the segment of the silver market who desire to retain memory, brain health and have a balanced diet. In Singapore, although there are already a number of brain health supplements targeted at the elderly, fortified food products exacted at this group are lacking.The first originator why Nestls product may be modified to reach the targeted segment is because Nestl Res earch Centre (NRC) is internationally renowned for its work in the food and nutritional sciences. For instance, as milk is particularly sensitive to heat, Nestl developed a soft sterilization of milk that protects the delicate amino acid, lysine and etc in their dairy products. In the article Brain food (The Business Times, December 02, 2009), Fernando Gomez-Pinilla, a professor of neurosurgery and physiological science at UCLA Medical School shared his findings on how dietary factors affect brain function. And he emphasized that Omega-3 fatty acids, with DHA are essential for normal brain function, and has been proven to enhance synaptic plasticity. Through prof Gomezs exploration, he has proven that folates and antioxidants also helped reduce age-related decline in cognitive function. Presently, Nestl offers different milk products fortified with iron, zinc, vitamin A and other micronutrients aimed at addressing specific health deficiencies and they have existing product such as N ESTL NAN infant milk formula that contains DHA and ARA, two important ingredients that support brain development of young children. Nestl Research teams can work on improving the ingredients apply in their existing products and offer milk products fortified with Omega-3 fatty acids, folates and antioxidants aimed at maintaining the cognitive function of the aging population. What is needed is a marketing effort, advertising the new range of products as brain-boosting functional food to the elderly.Next, Nestl had distinctive product lines catering to the take of infant, young children adults who are concerned with their health and athletics who wants a performance boost. Nestl RD Singapore has always been focusing on creating products with micronutrient fortification to address deficiencies, therefore, with Nestls expertness in the field and food and nutritional sciences, they can aim to develop an additional product line with a range of milk products cater for the management of e lderly health, besides, the development of brain healthy fortified food is for the benefit of the aging population in Singapore. In the longer run, Nestl can also stash away a range of new food products such as elderly snacks, healthy food and drinks and healthier culinary products with a different positioning and target the different segments of the silver market.Question 2 (18 marks)In this section, I result move on to discuss how Nestl currently makes use of the marketing mix concepts of pricing, promotional material and distribution channels to reach its key target market for Nestl adult milk products in specific. Their adult milk products are targeted at health-conscious adult consumers who desire to retain heart and bone health.Price is the one element of the marketing mix that produces revenue and communicates to the market the companys intended value positioning of its product or brand. Nestls consumers range from the poorest to the wealthiest, and those seeking for conve nience food or specific alternatives with perceived consumer benefits. These offer opportunities for them to provide high quality nutritious products. (Nestle Management Report, 2007). Nestl has select value pricing through winning loyal customers by charging a fairly low price for a high-quality offering. For instance, Nestl targets the lower berth income group through their generally Positioned Products (PPP) schema, which focuses on creating items that are both highly nutritious and affordable on a daily basis for low-income consumers. Value pricing involves re-engineering their companys operations to become a low-cost producer.Nestl set strategic price items for their products, considering the fact that those with lower incomes have an even greater need for highly nutritious foods. (Nestle Management Report, 2007). Nestl had developed product lines rather than single products and introduce price steps, known as their multi-price point strategy, aimed at capturing all market opportunities. In this way, their targeted consumers are able to trade up and down without trading out of Nestls products. An illustration of their multi-price point strategy for a packet of 900g of adult milk within the product line is estimated as followNestl also stimulate purchase of their milk products through various promotional pricing. For instance, the Nestl milk powder promotion at FairPrice offers a redemption of $10 NTUC FairPrice gift vouchers when customer accumulate $100 worth of Nestl milk powders purchase. The promotion encourages purchase of Nestl milk products within a stipulate time. Nestl also establish finical prices in certain events to draw more customers.Nestl had an unmatched geographic presence in many markets, including emerging markets. Nestl has created very close relationships between their brands and their consumers as intumesce as an in-depth understanding of their consumers and an expertise in related trends. This has also enabled Nestl to develo p local management teams, build local manufacturing and RD and establish local supply-chain initiatives including long-term relationships with suppliers. Internationally, Nestls milk product is available in more than 100 countries throughout the World. (Nestle Management Report, 2007)Nestl used intensive distribution strategy by placing their milk products in as many outlets as possible, knowing that their targeted consumer requires a great deal of location convenience. Intensive distribution increases product availability. In Singapore, we can find Nestls milk product in popular outlets like convenience stores, pharmacies, and all leading supermarkets. These places are situated within 10 minutes walking distance from consumers homes.Marketing communications is the means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade, and remind consumers about the products and brands that they sell and Nestl enhance consumer communication with nutritional messaging. The marketing communications mix con sists of vi major(ip) modes of communication advertising sales promotion events and experiences public relations and publicity direct marketing and personal selling. Advertising can be used to build up a long-term image for a product or trigger quick sales. Nestl employed the used of various media and methods to promote their milk products. Just recently, they started an integrated print/radio ad for Nestl Nesvita Omega positive Acticol milk, advertising it as Singapores 1st and only milk with plant sterols which are shown to lower blood cholesterol. Consumers have been hearing on the radios and seeing in the papers about the benefit of having a lower cholesterol levels associated with consuming Nesvita Omega plus Acticol milk daily.Nestl also drew attention to their products by arranging special events. Nestl held a health exhibition Nestl Presents Health and You 2010 which caters for the young and old. They had activities which appealed to all in the family at the event, includ ing free cholesterol and bone density checks by Nestl Nesvita Omega plus Acticol for the health conscious and health seminars and talks by health professionals, nutritionists and doctors. In addition, Nestl had a strategic partnership with Singapore Heart Foundation (SHF) known as Love Your Heart. The partnership allows Nestl to carry the SHF logo on the Nestl Omega rundown range, endorsing it as the preferred adult milk choice as it has the added benefit of heart health as well as calcium for bone health. Nestl also promotes heart health through the media, such as the Cholesterol Challenge in which the public are invited to lower their bad cholesterol. By becoming part of a special and more personally relevant moment in consumers lives, Nestls involvement with events broadened and deepened the relationship with their target market.Question 3 (28 marks)The brand mention for our new product is Nestl MindFit silver medal, a fortified milk powder offering benefits as follow maintain the cognitive function of elderly by lag down and stabilizing age-related brain decline and provide specific nutritional food value for a balanced diet. Our target segment of the silver market for the Nestl MindFit capital is elderly who desire to retain memory, brain health and have a balanced diet. This segment can be described demographically by age (50-55 and older). Nestl strategy is based on a positioning of product differentiation.Product is the first and most important element of the marketing mix. Packaging is a major styling weapon that provides the buyers first encounter with the product and is capable of either turning the buyer on or off (Kotler et al, 2009). Packaging is defined as all the activities of designing and producing the container for a product. We pass on introduce elegant gold and silver-trim package container as we wanted a sophisticated-looking package that reflects the quality of Nestl MindFit argent. A good packaging helps to identify our brand and convey descriptive and persuasive information to our target consumers. Functionally, structural design is crucial. We make out that resealability, freshness and easy-to-open and close packaging are of huge importance to the elderly consumers, and has incorporated these packaging innovations in our new product. The label on our package will carry our brand name, logo and the Nestl nutritional compass that provides our consumers with tips and nutritional facts that guide them towards informed choices about their diet. We will also have a picture of a sharp-looking senior ambassador in his 50s on the product label this makes it easier for the elderly to distinguish our product from other brands on the shelves.Pricing decisions must be consistent with the firms marketing strategy, target markets, and brand positioning. The Nestl MindFit Silver will be introduced at $18 estimated retail price per 400g tin and we will use several pricing techniques to stimulate purchases. In the first 6 months of product launch, we will offer a cash rebates of $4 to draw more first-time customers. We expect to come up with more variations of the Nestl MindFit Silver, such as cereals, excerption of more flavorings and priced them differently to meet the needs of more consumers. We will also establish special prices in continuative with HPBs dementia campaign to draw more customers.Marketing channels are sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product available for use or consumption. Our channel strategy is to use selective distribution, marketing Nestl MindFit Silver through Hospital pharmacies, selected Unity Pharmacies, Guardian and Watsons stores, selected NTUC Fairprice, and selected Cold Storage outlets. By doing so, we can gain adequate market coverage with more control and less cost than intensive distribution. As we are targeting the elderly consumers, we implemented home delivery as an additional point of access. This is because we unders tand that some elderly has difficulty going out to buy groceries due to health problems. Since the awareness of nutrition service for cognitive health is our objective, other channels of distribution could include local broadcast media or public forums at community centre. Place should take into account the convenience of the product to the consumer and where the consumer can obtain it most readily. In support of channel partners, we will provide full-color posters displaying the picture and key benefits of Nestl MindFit Silver. Our training staff will work with retail sales personnel to explain the benefit of the product. Finally, we plan to arrange special payment terms for retailers that place volume orders with us.Marketers need to creatively employ multiple forms of communications to effectively reach and influence target markets. The marketing communications mix consists of six major modes of communication advertising sales promotion events and experiences public relations and publicity direct marketing and personal selling. We will make use of advertising sales promotion events and experiences public relations and publicity to market Nestl MindFit Silver to the targeted segment of the silver market.We will start an integrated television, print and radio ads targeting the elderly. TV advertising is an effective means of vividly demonstrating our product attributes and persuasively explaining their like benefits to the elderly. Our TV ad will show a smart looking elderly man sharing with his friends about the benefits of Nestl MindFit Silver, and how the milk product help him to stop sharp and alert. This is a creative way to reinforce the message that Nestl MindFit Silver help maintain the cognitive functions in elderly. Out print ads on newsprint and magazines can provide much more product details and can also effectively communicate user and usage imagery. Our radio ad will add a tag line promoting the Nestl MindFit Silver as a brain healthy food fo r the aged parents.As the multimedia advertising efforts continues, we will also distribute new point-of-purchase displays to support our retailers and increase the number of spontaneous buying decision. We will add consumer sales promotions such as distributing samples to elderly at the store and we will organize contest offering prizes such as cash and holiday trips as a result of purchasing our products within the specified time period.We will also participate in the 50plus Expo, a consumer fair for the elderly organized by the Council for Third Age. The expo is targeted for those aged 50 and above and is devoted to shopping, performances, talks, demonstrations and more. We will educate consumers on the benefits of drinking Nestl MindFit Silver as a daily healthy beverage and at the same time, generate channel support for our product launch.Nestl has been actively involved in sponsorships of a variety of causes. A sponsored event must meet the marketing objectives and communicati on strategy, and the audience delivered by the event must match the target market of our product. Nestl will sponsor the Health Promotion Board (HPB)s Dementia Awareness Campaign. To raise awareness of dementia, HPB has air on Channel 8 and Suria a short film on dementia that is being directed by local director, Royston Tan. Other activities in conjunction with the campaign include informative talks held at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, shopping centre, hotels, and public library. Nestl can strategically identify itself at the events using banners and signs advertising Nestl MindFit Silver as the top brain food choice for active seniors. Nestl will also provide free product samples at the events to generate buying crowds. loving network such as Facebook has become an important force in marketing. A key aspect of social networks is word of mouth. Consumers talk about stacks of brands each day and Facebook offer exposure and the targeted market are more likely to spread the brand message. IT classes have opened up a entirely new world for the elderly who learn how to surf internet and use Facebook and these elderly are becoming more internet savvy and Facebook is a popular social network among them. To reach our targeted market, we will set up a Facebook page for Nestl MindFit Silver, and will post updates on our latest promotions, contests, events and generate thread discussion. Our aim is that more elderly can be linked to our Facebook page, to learn more about our products, and share their feedback on our product.We believed that an integrated marketing communications (IMC) can produce stronger message consistency and greater sales impacts as it forces management to think about every way the customers comes in contact with our product. IMC should improve our companys ability to reach the right customers with the right messages at the right time and in the right place. (Kotler et al, 2009).

Online Newspaper Vs. Print Version -- essays research papers

The table of contents of the Southeast Missourian online paper may seem so much more fitting with this day and age, but the traditionalistic newsprint edition still offers their subscribers a lot more information. The print chance variable organizes the newspaper with pictures from various sections located at the top, side, and bottom in ordination to draw the reader in to the articles and advertisements. The online version is very to the point in its content in the fact that the Southeast Missourian does not have to sell the online version to the public or subscribers, this is seen online with minimal advertisements that deal directly with the surrounding area . With the unappealing online version having only a basic structure to the inner contents along with two pictures, and a lead story, it seems more like a quick reference of news for the person that doesnt have time to impersonate back and browse the newsprint edition.The Web version displayed a different story from the pr inted newspaper. Another aspect of the online edition that didnt appeal to me was the format of the articles. The articles were upturned up into lengthy segmented paragraphs this gets very tedious by having to scroll down the screen to read. Although the contexts of the articles are the same, the newsprint edition is more appealing in the sense that each article has at least one or more pictures relating specifically to it, this helps with the interpretation by referring back to the pictures surrounding...

Grapes of Wrath :: essays research papers

The Grapes of WrathIn The Grapes of Wrath the author John Steinbeck describes the life of a migrant family who must leave their land in okey in order to find work in California. The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck clearly expresses that Nature and Man are sensation. The family is known as the Joads and they later come to realize that fear is not only for themselves only when for the sake of the people in the world. The author makes these thoughts known through the different characters in the novel. In this book Tom Joad is the main character. He starts off just finishing prison for killing a man and feels he is just going to own it easy and be careful. In the beginning he comes off as if he feels no remorse for his crime and hopes to find what he wants and needs. Tom overly is portrayed as if he doesnt take any mess and one in mostly independent. During his spare time he came to the agreement with himself that one must set their personal concerns aside and have peace with on e another. Another character is known as Jim Casy. He is a preacher but quite different than normal preachers. He preaches the Emersonian doctrine of the Over soul. For instance he feels that a mans soul is breaking away from rough larger soul and in death this individual soul is reunited with the larger Over soul. This belief by Casy helps him come to see that this is the only way for the migrants to abide by as a whole. Jim also inspires others to do whats right and see life from a different perspective.Rose of Sharon is portrayed as ill girl who is pregnant and waiting to give birth at any point in time. She comes off as having a bad-tempered and always complaining. Her family is in Great menace but she only fears if it affects her baby.